East of Eden Essay Example for Free

East of Eden Essay East of Eden deplores many religious matters, specifically, the concepts of sibling rivalry and the age old battle between good and evil. In the biblical Book of Genesis, the brothers Cain and Abel offer God the father a sacrifice. God favors the shepherd Abels sacrifice of his best lamb over the farmer Cains grain. Subsequently, in a Jealous rage, Cain kills his brother Abel, only to be marked by God and banished to wander the earth. Stanford dropout, John Steinbeck applies the story of Genesis heavily in East of Eden; the concepts of this iblical allusion are evident in both generations of brothers. In each generation, one of the Trask brothers is moral and good while the other brother behaves badly and immorally, already we see how the Trask family parallels Genesis. Because the good Trask brothers are favored, the bad Trask brothers develop envious tendencies and a recurrent theme of sibling rivalry appears throughout the book. The first generation of Trask brothers, Charles and Adam, follow the Cain and Abel biblical model from the very beginning. .. its awful not to be loved. Its the worst thing in the world t makes you mean, and violent, and cruel. (Steinbeck 347). This quote epitomizes the root of all evil in the Trask generations- lack of recognition to one of the sons. When their deadbeat father Cyrus favors Adams birthday gift of a puppy over Charles expensive knife, Charles nearly beats Adam to death. Although Charles does not kill Adam, he is a clear allusion to Cain. While Adam wanders the Earth in the army, it is Charles who remains on the farm, where like Cain, h e becomes marked with a dark brown scar. Adam therefor, is reflected as Abel. Humans are caught†in their lives, in their thoughts, in their hungers and ambitions, in their avarice and cruelty, and in their kindness and generosity too†in a net of good and evil. (127). This quote is a clear representation of the Adam and Charles relationship throughout the novel. The incident that occurred over a simple birthday gift sparked a Jealous rage that caused Charles and Adam to remain at odds with each other throughout their entire lives despite their love for each other. The next generation of Trask brothers, the dark haired Cal and fair-haired Aaron, also carry out the dynamics of the Cain and Abel tale. Cals Jealousy towards Aron is due to the favoritism that Aron receives from their father Adam; this is especially seen through an episode that resulted in Aarons death. For some reason, Adam favors Aron over Cal and when Cal offers his father a birthday present of $1 5,000 to help him recover his financial losses, Adam scorns him for making the money during a war-time economy. In a rage, Cal takes his brother to isit the notorious prostitute that birthed the two boys. Emotionally traumatized, Aaron runs away to the army during World War l, and dies soon after. Cal lies to Adam when asked about Aarons whereabouts. Where is he? How do I know? said Cal. Am I supposed to look after him? (p. 562). This sequence between Cal and Adam portrays the emotional barrier between the two that seems to bring out the untruthfulness in Cal that reflects his ancient parallel, Cain. Thus, the biblical tale plays out with Cal, although inadvertently, killing his brother. It might be the most important word in the world. That says the way is open. That throws it right back on a the concept of timshel. While psychologically shattered Adam reminisces over Cathy, Lee and Samuel share philosophical discussions over the ancient Hebrew word timshel. Timshel defies the pattern in the Cain and Abel tale, rather than condemning the less favored brother to a life of sin it pursues the issue of free will and grants Cal the strength to depart from the inherently bound evil motives that ossessed him at an early age.

Isaac Newton by James Gleick | Review

Isaac Newton by James Gleick | Review Trusha Patel Isaac Newton by James Gleick Opinion Isaac Newton was the most famous scientist of his generation and one of the most recognizable physicists of all time. He accomplished amazing feats; he â€Å"pushed open a door that led to a new universe† (8). Some of his major achievements include the application of the law of gravity to the motion of planets, the path of comets, and the influence of the moon on ocean tides. Gleick’s biography attempts to clearly portray for the reader the entirety of Newton’s life – his successes, his shortcomings, his obsession with both science and the non-scientific, and his good as well as bad mixture of qualities. Gleick successfully presents Newtons life about as well as one could conceive it being presented in 191 pages. One of Gleick’s greatest successes is his emphasis on Newton’s true characteristics. Students are taught that Newton was some sagacious man who believed in the welfare of humanity. Gleick, on the other hand, portrays Newton as how he thought Newton truly was: solitary, selfish, and paranoid even though he was extremely brilliant. The author states, â€Å"Isaac Newton said he had seen farther by standing on the shoulders of giants, but he did not believe it. He was born into a world of darkness, obscurity, and magic; led a strangely pure and obsessive life, lacking parents, lovers, and friends; quarreled bitterly with great men crossed his path; veered at least once to the brink of madness†¦and yet discovered more the of the essential core of human knowledge than anyone before or after† (3). These insightful descriptions of Newton’s state of mind widen the reader’s perspective on his life. They make the reader think of Newton beyond his scientif ic thoughts. Gleick describes Newton’s scientific and non-scientific pursuits. He specifically points out that Newton did not discover the entirety of motion with the falling of the apple. It took a long time with complex thinking and developments before Newton theorized gravitation. Newton had spent time learning about other concepts like optics as well. The author also sheds light on Newton’s obsession with the occult alchemy as well as with his repudiation of Trinitarianism. Furthermore, Gleick mentions Newton’s participation in Parliament and his control of the British mint. These actions help the reader understand Newton’s motivations. Gleick also does not refine the language from back in the day to make it modernized. Instead, he presents quotations in the original English from which they came. This becomes increasingly important when readers reach the section on the Principia because it would greatly connect to their physics studies if they were to read the original form of Newton’s laws and their implications. Gleick quotes, â€Å"Absolute, true, and mathematical time, in and of itself, and of its own nature†¦flows uniformly† (125). Gleick portrays Newton’s standardization of the term time. Through reading the seventeenth century language, science students become aware of the importance of precise language in physics. Gleick’s biography provides a complete portrayal of Newton from his peculiarities to his perseverance. The reader can readily perceive the change that occurred after Newton’s renovation of science. Gleick tells the reader, â€Å"What Newton learned remains the essence of what we know†¦We are Newtonians† (6). Through this book, we learn the origin of Newton’s thoughts which led to such a revolution in scientific thought. Biographical Analysis Newton’s life was shaped significantly by the world he lived in, and this molded the science that was churned out of his brilliant mind. Newton was born in the Woolsthorpe farm in England. Newton’s mother was widowed when Newton was only three years old. She married the wealthy Barnabas Smith, who did not want any kids. Newton ended up being raised by his grandmother. He grew up to be a shy schoolboy; â€Å"he was small, lonely, and abandoned† (11). Newton’s solitude would later lead to his incredible theories of the natural world. As a young boy, Newton spent his time learning about the workings of sundials and the movement of the night sky, noting observations that would later lead to his theory of gravitation. When Newton’s step-father died, his mother Hannah returned and sent the ten-year-old Newton to another school. In Newton’s new school, he was taught Latin and mathematics by Henry Stokes. He lived with the apothecary Clarke who furthered his scientific curiosity. All of these things along with his personal studies of light were inscribed in a notebook. Newton had learned the roots of scientific inquiry at an early age: he was classifying and analyzing at a very young age. When Newton was sixteen, his mother called him home to be a farmer, but he failed. As a result, Newton attended the prestigious University of Cambridge in Trinity College where he would later become famous. During his first three years at Cambridge, Newton was taught the standard curriculum but was fascinated with the more advanced science. All his spare time was spent reading from the modern philosophers. Even though he was a top student, Newton was reprimanded for religious negligence in a remarkably Anglican institution. Newton studied the Aristotelian worldview in which a force was necessary to keep an object in motion. He absorbed himself in the Trinity College library and â€Å"found his way to new ideas and polemics: from the French philosopher Renà © Descartes, and the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei† (25). Both philosophers defied Aristotle explicitly; Descartes proposed geometrical and mechanical philosophy, while Galileo claimed that all bodies are made of the same stuff, which is heavy, and therefore fall at the same rate. In Newton’s second year, he started a new section about philosophical questions he had. The first was if atoms exist. Was matter continuous and infinitely divisible, or discontinuous and discrete? Is space finite or infinite? What is the nature of motion and light? Why do objects fall? From matter to motion, to light, to the structure of cosmos, Newton had ideas about everything. Newton concluded that force causes motion. He also occupied himself with the concepts sound, memory, magnetism, heat, and the tides. In 1664, Newton learned about Euclid’s Elements, from Cambridge University’s first professor of mathematics, Isaac Barrow. Unfortunately, in 1665, the Great Plague that was ravaging Europe had come to Cambridge, forcing the university to close. Newton was sent home but he still constantly had his attention focused on mathematics. Gleick writes, â€Å"he computed obsessively†¦ to conceive of infinite series and then learn to manipulate them was to transform the state of mathematics† (39). Newton formulated the Binomial theorem in the same year. It was a method to expand a sum to any power. Furthermore, Newton began to discover a method to determine the slope of a tangent line to a curve, which we call the â€Å"derivative.† Newton’s concern with all of this would become the foundation for calculus and physics. He chose not to publish, and decided to keep to himself. In 1666, Newton was trying to figure out how the attractive power between masses would diminish, and he learned that it lessens with the square of the distance. He questioned the movement of celestial bodies, such as the moon and earth wondering why they proceeded in a circular path. He needed precise terminology with definite units to facilitate his hypotheses, but â€Å"Writing in English, he was constrained by the language at hand† (59). The imprecise language was not sufficient enough to describe motion. Newton also explored optics and experiment with prisms. When the plague subsided in 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge. Newton and Barrow attacked the subject of cubic equations. He tried to sort all the curves into different groups. Barrow showed him a book by Nicholas Mercator called Logarithmotechnia. Mercator had a method of calculating logarithms from infinite series and this discovery shocked Newton. So Newton wrote a paper called â€Å"On Analysis by Infinite Series† and gave it to Barrow to post this to another Royal Society colleague. Although he wanted anonymity, his name was revealed. â€Å"It was the first transmission of Newton’s name south of Cambridge† (68). Even though Newton preferred solitude, people began to recognize his mathematical expertise. When Barrow retired, Newton took the position of the Lucasian Professor at the age of twenty-seven. Newton lectured his students on the mathematics of light refraction â€Å"with none of the romance or metaphor that usually ornamented the philosophy of ligh t† (71). The invention of telescopes had spurred intense interest in the properties of light. He then realized that the common refracting telescopes were inferior to reflecting telescopes because the seven colors of light created glare, so he spent a lot of his time constructing a powerful reflecting telescope, which Barrow gave to the Royal Society after two years. Soon after, Secretary Oldenburg urged Newton to let the Royal Society publish his findings on the reflecting telescope. He made Newton think foreigners might steal his ideas, so Newton became a member of the Royal Society. Newton wrote to Oldenburg that within three years, he would make a great philosophical discovery, and then he would formally join. His focus was optics at this time. He wrote to Oldenburg that white light was composed of seven colors as evidenced by the prism experiments. By now, Newton’s rivalry with Robert Hooke grew strong as Hooke proposed a wave theory of light, whereas Newton promoted a corpuscular theory. Not only Hooke, but also Huygens, â€Å"the great Dutch mathematician and astronomer, also favored the wave theory of light† (88). Newton became frustrated because he attempted to show that the particle nature of light followed from mathematics, whereas the others contended that this was wishful thinking on Newton’s part. Hooke and Newt on lashed at each other, claiming that the other was guilty of plagiarism. Oldenburg was adding to his paranoia; he used the discoveries of foreigners such as Wilhelm Gottfried Leibniz to make Newton reveal more and more of his secret studies, until Newton finally stopped all communication for two years. Around 1675, Oldenburg died and Hooke became the secretary of the Royal Society. Newton’s fears grew. Newton had another disagreement with Hooke over the relationship between orbits and falling objects. They were explaining the planet’s motion and both had come to believe in a body’s inherent force. Hooke proposed an inverse square explanation for elliptical orbits, and Newton possessed the mathematical ability to explain this. At this Hooke, â€Å"acknowledged Newton’s superior powers† (121). In 1684, astronomer Edmond Halley posed the question to Newton of elliptical orbits implying an inverse square relationship between gravity and distance. Newton sent him what he had already finished, but to continue, Newton needed to standardize the definitions of space and time. Such standardization led to Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. The totality of Newton’s studies of motion was in three volumes, with the only assumption being a gravitational force that diminishes with the square of the distance. His famous three laws of motion were in Principia: that an object in motion remains in motion unless acted upon by a net force, an object accelerates in the direction of that force, and if two bodies exert a force on one another, the forces are equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction. In Newton’s later years, he attempted to calculate the position of the moon. He then became the member of Parliament as well as Warden of the British mint. Following Hooke’s death, Newton became the President of the Royal Society as well as published Opticks, a piece on his experiments with light. On March 20, 1727, Newton died of a stone in his bladder. Newtonianism had profound influences on the world. His achievements revolutionized physics and mathematics and he has been recognized as an undisputed genius. Newton’s years of hard work resulted in a successfully description of this world. He played a major role in the advancement of the scientific community of his time and of today. Are Vitamin Supplements Effective? Are Vitamin Supplements Effective? Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in very little amounts for us to grow and live in and maintain good health, although they are a critical requirement for our body in order to survive; they are not compulsory but vitally important, According to Stanton, [1] implied[s] amine meaning life. But an inadequate amount of vitamin may cause disease and in some cases are highly detrimental. Vitamins help to protect against many diseases, it is estimated that theres 13 essentials vitamins which 4 is classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and 9 as water-soluble (8 Vitamin B and Vitamin C). The vitamins that are fat soluble are hydrophobic which ultimately to be soluble in fats; the fat globules (referred as chylomicrons) which are consistently absorbing this vitamins, that travels the lymphatic system of the small intestines and into the general blood circulation within the body. These vitamins are proclaimed as Vitamin E and A which then is stored in the tissue. Where in star k contrast the water-soluble are required as enzymes cofactors in a much wider variety of metabolic reactions, each of this water soluble vitamin are often seen to have its own membrane transport to help it process for absorption across enterocyte. [4] Vitamins are found in its natural forms are meat, fruit, dairy, vegetables and many other substances, but an advancement of science, scientist has revealed an alternative pathway for those who can take their vitamins in a form of tablets, gums, drops and capsules. This has been mixed with many other forms of compounds which include trace elements, electrolytes, spinach and/or broccoli extract. Not being able to undertake the recommended dosage of vitamins can lead to serious disease. There is a strong correlation between the rates of chronic disease and the increase level of vitamin D. The most common disease which has a strong positive relationship is rickets; which often can be reduced or cured by undertaking liver oil during the 20th century. Rickets cause weakens and soften the bones in children which could impact in skeletal abnormalities, defective growth, delicate bones and dental problems. While in adults, the deficiency of vitamin D can lead to osteomalacia and osteoporosis which weaken the bones. [4]. the insufficiency of any form of vitamins can have led to a serious health issue from CVD (cardiovascular disease),[3] Alzheimers [4] fat malabsorption, immunity, stomach and many more. [3]. by undertaking vitamins in its natural form (food; vegetables, fruits, dairy, meat etc.) it can help to limit the possibility of overdosing. Although theres a series of experime nts that has been conducted theres no ultimate answer that antioxidants helps to decrease or remove the risk of diseases such as CVD. [4] Both increase and decrease of vitamins can lead to health problems; possibly overdosing in vitamin supplement such as B3 may potentially lead to nausea, liver/nerve toxicity and jaundice. Dr. Weil [5] specifically states that most customers or patients often take supplements as they have just heard it advertised. An excessive amount of iron supplements can lead to risk of cancer and heart disease, as iron is an oxidizing agent [5] Although vitamins have contributed as an alternative for those who cant consume it natural forms, the epidemiological studies has concluded that those whose diet are high in vegetable consumption may lower the incidence of cancer and other vitamin deficiency, this helps to decrease the expenditure of meat and feat while increasing the dosage of fiber content. [2]. However some research has proven that Vitamin E supplementation helps to lower the CVD; but generally this is often reflected in an individuals lifestyle. [6][4]. There is several of data that demonstrate that vitamin supplementation on regular basis did not justify the routine of antioxidant supplements for the preventive and treatment of CVD or lowering it. [8] Supplementation carries out several of chemicals that may trigger the mind and the body of an individual which can have a detrimental effect on them. Based on several experiments it is evaluated that vitamins contain a vegetable extract and other compounds such as having an adverse effect and may interact with warfarin and aluminum. [9]. There is significant amount of data, experiment that analysis that justifies that using antioxidant vitamin supplements for CVD, and other disease does not necessarily reduces the risk of reduction. A great healthy lifestyle by consuming the right amount of vegetable and fruits will help decrease the risk of immune deficiency etc. Multi-vitamins can be used as an alternative pathway for those who are not able to consume them, but should not be used on regular basis which is a dangerous practice.

Buddhism Essay -- Papers Religion Buddha Essays Papers

Buddhism is one of the biggest religions founded in India in the 6th and 5th century B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama, also known as â€Å"the Buddha.† As one of the greatest Asian religion, it teaches the practice and the observance of moral perceptions. â€Å"Buddhism begins with a man. In his later years, when India was afire with his message, people came to him asking what he was. Not ‘Who are you?’ but ‘What are you?’ ‘Are you god?’ they asked. ‘No.’ ‘An angel?’ ‘No.’ ‘A saint?’ ‘No.’ ‘Then, what are you?’ Buddha answered, ‘I am awake.’ His answer became his title, for this is what Buddha means. The Sanskrit root budh means to awake and to know. While the rest of humanity was dreaming the dream we call the waking human state, one of their number roused himself. Buddhism begins with a man who woke up. Buddha was born a prince named Siddhartha Gautama in a small kingdom in what is now Nepal. Siddharta’s birth is described as a miraculous event, his birth being the result of his mother's impregnation by a sacred white elephant that touched her left side with a lotus flower. The scriptures claim that when Gautama was born â€Å"immeasurable light spread through ten thousand worlds; the blind recovering their sight, as if from desire to see his glory" (Evans 141) Shortly after his birth, his father consulted with a number of astrologers, all of whom declared that the newborn prince would become a great king and that he would rule the world in truth and righteousness. Among these astrologers, there was one who declared that if the prince were to see a sick person, an old person, a corpse, and a world-renouncing ascetic, he w... ...he physical world and one's perceptions of it as a means towards enlightenment. All activities, including sex, can be used as a meditative technique. This was called Vajrayana, or "The Vehicle of the Thunder-Bolt." The Vajrayanans believed that each bodhisattva had consorts or wives, called taras These female counterparts embodied the active aspects of the bodhisattva, and so were worshipped. One learned the teachings of Tantrism from a master, and then one joined a group of others who had been trained. There one would practice the rituals learned from the master. For the Tantrists, the physical world was identical with the Void and human perception was identical with Nirvana. Buddhism, however, was slowly fading off of the Indian landscape; Tantrism came on the scene just as Buddhism began to slowly lose its vitality.

Criticisms of Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre

Criticisms of Jane Eyre The major criticisms of the novel in question to be the melodrama used by the author and the wickedness of character shown in Jane and Mr. Rochester. While most critics admired the style of writing and truth of character portrayal, they did not admire the improbability of circumstances or the characters portrayed. Elizabeth Rigby (later Lady Eastlake) was probably the harshest critic, calling Jane Eyre â€Å"the personification of an unregenerate and undisciplined spirit.† Rigby strongly believed that, while Jane was portrayed with a great degree of accuracy, she was herself a flawed person. By making a flawed person interesting, Rigby alleged, the author was committing the greatest of wrongs. As to Jane’s character, Rigby’s main criticism was that Jane was unchristian. â€Å"Altogether the auto-biography of Jane Eyre is pre-eminently an anti-Christian composition. There is throughout it a murmuring against the comforts of the rich and against the privations of the poor, which, as far as each individual is concerned, is a murmuring against God's appointment—there is a proud and perpetual assertion of the rights of man, for which we find no authority either in God's word or in God's providence—there is that pervading tone of ungodly discontent which is at once the most prominent and most subtle evil which the law and the pulpit, which all civilized society in fact has at the present day to contend with. We do not hesitate to say that the tone of mind and thought which has overthrown authority and violated every code human and divine abroad, and fostered Chartism and rebellion at home, is the same which has also written Jane Eyre.† She expressed the popular sentiment of the time that Jane’s di... ... of Jane Eyre supporters. Bibliography of Works Used 1. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre: A Norton Critical Edition 3rd ed. Richard J. Dunn Ed. WW Norton & Co. : New York, 2001 2. "Review of Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte." Critic (Oct. 1847): 277-8. 3. "Review of Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte." Graham’s Magazine (May 1848): 299. 4. "Rev. of Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte." Living Age (from the Christian Remembrancer) (1848): 481-7. 5. "Review of Jane Eyre." Spectator. (Nov. 1847): 1074-5. 6. "U. Review of Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte." Harbinger (April 1848): 189. 7. "Unsigned Review of Jane Eyre." Douglas Jerrold’s Shilling Magazine (Nov. 1847): 470-474. 8. Lewes, George Henry, "Recent Novels: French and English." Fraser’s Magazine (Dec. 1947): 689-95. 9. Rigby, Elizabeth, "Vanity Fair—and Jane Eyre." Quarterly Review (Dec. 1848): 153-185.

Chivalry in Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay -- essays papers

Chivalry in Chaucers Canterbury Tales In his Canterbury Tales, Chaucer fully explicates the cultural standard known as curteisye through satire. In the fourteenth century curteisye embodied sophistication and an education in French international culture. The legends of chilvalric knights, conversing in the language of courtly love, matured during this later medieval period. Chaucer himself matured in the King's Court, and he reveled in his cultural status, but he also retained an anecdotal humor about curteisye. One must only peruse his Tales to discern these sentiments. In the General Prologue, he meticulously describes the Prioress, satirically examining her impeccable table manners. In the Miller's Tale Chaucer juxtaposes courtly love with animalistic lust, and in various other instances he mentions curteisye, or at least alludes to it, with characteristic Chaucerian irony. These numerous references provide the reader with a remarkably rich image of the culture and class structure of late fourteenth century England. "Wel coude she carye a morsel, and wel keepe / That no drope ne fille upon hir brest. / In curteisye was set ful muchel hir lest."(General Prologue, 130-2) Here, in the description of the Prioress, Chaucer mocks her etiquette by so specifically describing it, and in doing so he also mocks her conception of sophistication. For Chaucer, sophistication represented more than table manners and "Frenssh†¦ of Stratford at the Bowe."(General Prologue, 124,5) Curteisye required an intimate, first hand knowledge and experience with French culture. This Prioress had learned her French in an English convent school, hardly the equivalent to Chaucer's travels in France. Chaucer creates the feeling that the narr... ...tion of courtly flirtation. Usually when a character speaks in courtly language, the author biases his word choice to French, since French was the formal language of the Court and people associated with the Court spoke French-derived English on a daily basis. Chaucer avoids that practice here and selects words based in Germanic-derived English, or Anglo-Saxon. Words like "ich," "wille," and "spille" and others persisted from Old English, and Chaucer's use of them through Nicholas gives the passage a decidedly rough tone, corresponding to Nicholas' sensual actions. Nicholas' language might have been courtly, but his intentions were definitely not as delicate as French. Chaucer utilized satire throughout the Canterbury Tales, and he illustrated as much about his culture, and especially curteisye, with his satire as he did with the stories and characters themselves.

PDA Simulation Decision Essay

The score obtained for this test was 1,223,926,982.   The result was relatively encouraging given the fact that it was higher than the previous score.   There is an admission, however, that there is still room for improvement. Substantially the same strategies were used for this test.   These strategies are: 1) for handheld X5 the strategy used was to lower its price in order to attract more buyers and to maximize short-term profit in view of the fact that the market is mature and the product has been in market for three (3) years (Scott Allen, 2002); b) for Handheld X6 the strategy used was to allocate substantial amount for Research and Development accompanied by an increase in its price in view of the fact that this product is being purchased for its excellent performance, high quality, and attractive appearance (Ivana Taylor, 2008); c) for Handheld X7 the strategy used was to lower the price of the product in view of the fact that it is a new product which has been out only for 1 year and a significant portion of its market is still untapped but at the same time there should be an improved allocation in its Research and Development; and d) products which have fully saturated their market should be di scontinued. The change in strategy for this test is that changes were likewise made in the Research & Development allocation.   This is due to the fact that the consumers for particular product such as for X6 and X7 were looking for quality and performance in the said items.   For this reason, it would be necessary in order to meet their expectations to improve product quality and performance by allocating substantial amount for Research & Development.   It must however be stressed that the increase or decrease in Research and Development must be accompanied by change in price. The result was quite pleasing as the initial goals were achieved in terms of market saturation and improved sales.   At the start of the simulation the goal of the company was to be able to attract as many new customers as possible.   Following the principle of Law of Demand, the products which are being sold to low-end customers are sold at lower prices so as to improve demand for the product. The company was willing to spend as much for the Research and Development with a view that the amount expended for the development of X6 and X7 products will redound to more customers and more sales.   This was achieved for this test as the market for X5 was completely saturated.   This means that X5 was sold to all potential customers.   While the market was not completely saturated for X6 and X7 products, there are indications that there was substantial increase in the number of customers.   For instance, for X6 products market saturation improved from 74% to 90% while for X7 products market saturation improved from 10% to 15%.   This is shown in figure 1 below.

Management & Leadership Essay

The way the world now developed through the industrial revolution from the twentieth century has a great background with many driving factor involved. The scheme that is cost-effective and has a good impact on social welfare of society, and those living in the society, is considerably dependent on the effective and resourceful piece of organizations of all kinds, which depends on satisfactory or excellent management and leadership potential, and which can be learnt and extended, would be acknowledged by many. This is the reason different government and government agencies nationally or internationally, organization of all kinds, investing in their own development, behaves as the basis of this belief that they make considerable investment in management and leadership training, development and education. There was a report in November 2006, Yahoo manager Brad Garlinghouse issued memo that directly challenge the senior management. He accused the Yahoo’s leadership lacking strategic direction. Their competitor Google had beaten Yahoo in terms of revenue, advertisement and the share price fallen nearly a third since the start of the year. He suggested to have a change in their strategy. Off course it is very difficult to change the strategy for any organization but to survive in the competent world a change should be made when needed. It was Mr. Garlinghouse great management and leadership skill that he diagnosed the problem and gives his organization a direction to move. Apart from what he observed and analyzed, the main part is that he made a decision to apply the change. He might have adopted different style for management as well as leadership, according to the organizational structure of Yahoo, and would be aware of what impact would be coming in applying the decisions. It would have been Autocratic or Paternalistic or it might be the Democratic one but what actually he identified was the lack in the management and leadership directions. Waka International is a multinational organization making FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) all over the world and for the last few years making its way up but not with a pace with which it has to moving over with good management and leader but still the HR management asked junior researcher to compile a report on how the managers can lead their team using different styles of management and leadership and how these styles going to impact on the strategic decision, and this is what good organization do to look what changes they need or things that can be adopted like Yahoo manager Brad Galinghouse did. There is a good saying by someone that there is one thing constant and it is â€Å"change† and researchers have made efforts to put forward some suggestion what style we should adopt in different work situation within a team in Waka International to meet the challenges on different stages. Management is been described as the process of setting objectives and making most efficient use of financial, human and physical resources to achieve these objectives, in which main task include planning, organizing, controlling and coordinating. The resources may include the organizational assets which may be people, machinery, raw materials, information, skills and financial capital to measure the organizational performance i.e. how efficiently and effectively management use these resources to satisfy customers and to briefly explore or examine management and in this report will be looking on the management theories of two recent writers. First researcher tried to sketch the attempt of Peter Drucker for his work to describe and comment upon what managers do and he identifies three tasks: Satisfying the goals or mission of the organization. Enabling the worker to achieve and focus on productivity. Managing social responsibilities. He suggested in simplified manner that managers are required to set objectives; organize; motivate and communicate; measure and develop people. Secondly to mention the influential work on management of Henry Mintzberg in which he details his observations of what managers actually did. He examine that managers were not found to spend most of their time planning, organizing, coordinating, commanding and controlling and suggested ten roles managers often attempt logically in the pursuit of their objectives and divided these roles in three stages as building relationship with the employees, yielding the quality information and finally the allocation of decision making, objective and resources to the employees. On the other hand leadership can be suggested as, the part of management to drive the organization to achieve its goals by utilizing potential influence with group efforts. Leadership in the organizational role involves establishing and sharing a vision, providing information, knowledge and methods to realize that vision so others can follow willingly. If we link management and leadership we can say that leadership is an essential part of effective management, which emphasis upon the building an environment in which everyone has the opportunity to develop and excel skills. This link between management and leadership shows that managers must have traits of a leader. While learning about leadership researcher describes two types of leadership which are Direct Leadership & Indirect Leadership. Direct leadership is something about imposing orders to your followers and maybe enforcing them to accept you as a leader, where followers used to see the leader regularly face-to-face. Or it can be said that the leaders who are able to get to know those they are working with and influence them on an interpersonal basis are direct leaders. While those having thousands of followers without possessing the role of leadership is the indirect leadership. It may also be believed that the indirect leadership has to do with influencing others and making them your followers indirectly by inspiring the followers through your character, charisma etc. Leadership is not about ruling people like subjects and taking it for granted; it’s about presenting yourself as someone who people think should be followed for guidance. It’s about winning the minds and hearts of people. If we like to differentiate between management and leadership we can come up with the idea that Managers perform roles in organizations and hold a specific, formal title and fulfill a role well Leaders aim to influence and guide others into pursuing particular objectives or ideas of the future and to motivate them into wanting to follow. In Waka International the management has the best quality leadership hence the reason, management asked their junior staff for such an important part to look on it, since the organization is willing to move up and each management is leading its team in a good way, with a good pace as well, in a better management and leadership style. Leadership style is the way in which the functions of leadership are carries out, the way in which the manager typically behaves towards members of the group. Different leaders have different behavior which might produce different effects, so researchers began studies on successful leaders and began to develop different styles of leadership. Also how to become a good leader one should be aware of his leadership style. There are many theories on leadership styles; these are summarized into three dimensional theories which describe different leadership styles: The concept in this style is of leader and followers, where leaders have got all the high power, authority and control; they make the decisions in a one way communication and direct their followers with minimal participation of followers. All the planning and thinking is done by the leader and the team’s role is to follow the orders and motivation to the followers only comes from the leader’s status, charisma, expertise and power to reward and punish. An example of authoritarian styles is John F. Kennedy and one of the many things that John F. Kennedy is remembered for is his vision concerning the United States’ space program. On September 12, 1962, while speaking at Rice University, President Kennedy said: â€Å"We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He then went on to talk about â€Å"metal alloys that had not yet been invented† that are â€Å"capable of standing heat and stresses several times more than have ever been experienced.† He had a vision of sending a man to the moon and back safely. He even explained how it was going to be accomplished. John F. Kennedy was exhibiting an authoritative leadership style that mobilized the resources of an entire nation towards this single goal. When we are talking about democratic leadership, it does not refer to a leader who holds political office or background, such as senator or parliamentarian. It talks about a leadership style that exhibits democratic characteristics. This idea of leadership involves running a business on the basis on the majority of decisions i.e. leader encourage the involvement of employees to take part in decision. Many of the great organizational leaders did use this style, Bill Gates is well known for his democratic management style at Microsoft. He actively involved employees in key management and strategic decisions. He was always interacted with the employees of Microsoft and customer and devoted his time for them by staying in contact via e-mail. In the democratic leadership style, we see a balance in the decision-making process. Employees or followers are allowed to participate in the decisions – their opinion counts just as much as the leader’s. Now this might sound like the optimal way to lead but every ways got some pros and cons in it. In this type of leadership managers observes that employees are working well on their own and consciously make a decision to pass to the member to allow them freedom of action and not to interfere and is always available to help in need. The leader may also set some example but nobody has to follow it if they want to. They leader don’t try to motivate their subordinate or it can be said that motivation only comes from the fact that the individuals are free to do what they likes and no one has to waste time explaining their actions. This leadership style may work with individual people like academics and artists who need to be free on work in their own way, and don’t like teamwork, they would like to like what they want, and not ask for guidance or permission. Researchers suggested that a specific leadership style cannot be constraint to a particular situation rather any styles can be adopted at any situations. Researchers also suggested that the autocratic style may be suitable when large numbers of un-skilled employees are involved and when quick decisions are a matter of life and death and have to be made quickly. Motivation is just a name which comes out from the personality of the leader that is the reason followers struggle to please or satisfy the leaders. So this style may be adopted when there is a need of urgency in Waka International and when a particular objective is achieved a different style can be implemented, and this is what management is all about, â€Å"the change†. Since in the democratic style, employees or followers have an equal say in the decision-making process, they are more dedicated to the desired outcome. The collaborative environment created by this style often results in more comprehensive solutions to problems. If Waka International is looking for better and long term result democratic style would be a better choice as most of the renowned company focus on the democratic style so it would be valuable for long term objectives and goals. Laissez-faire type of leader may inspire or motivate people or plan ideas but do not make any efforts to ensure that the team follows it. This kind of leadership can only work with academics or artists, who don’t like team work and emphasis to work freely. So many researchers don’t suggest adopting this style of leadership and it will not be driving the organization to its objective quickly. But this style is has good result if professional and experienced followers are in the workplace. From the report it can be concluded that management and leadership are two different aspects, but on a broad vision if leadership has not become the part of the management, this may lead to disastrous result. Coping up the resources and not leading in a good direction without an effective leadership may show short-term good result but it would not demonstrate a good impact on the organizational objective or goals and without the right leadership, organizational strategies will remain as ink on paper. Getting the right leadership to implement business strategies takes careful planning and dedicated effort, and often substantial investment. Like the sports coach whose mediocre team never wins a championship, the CEO can’t hope to achieve bold new strategies without giving thought to his leadership team and leadership culture. Too many organizations have become unworried with their existing leadership programs, instead of making certain that they are linking their leadership strategies and development investments with their business strategies and taking full advantage of the learning opportunities that accompany strategic change. With learning and research it can also be concluded that the planning methods are useful in meeting the challenges of any situation and developing leadership skills. Leadership traits can be learnt and developed to meet the strategic needs. This report has the relevance for handling complex situation of the present competitive business world by utilizing leadership skills in making strategic decisions to achieve the stipulated goal. The different styles mentioned earlier can be used depending upon the organizational needs and objectives, to achieve the goals.