Anglo American PLC in South Africa Essay

1. The pros would be: a) The early adoption strategy of ART can help the company to prevent and combat the spread of the disease not only on its workforce but also the populations of surrounding communities. This early initiative can also help to prevent further loss in operating expenses and declining workers’ productivity in the company. b) Anglo American became a de facto leader in the private-sector fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa. It also became a trendsetter for other MNEs to follow suit such as Coke, Ford, and Colgate-Palmolive. c) Received positive reactions and approval from WHO, the Global Business Council on HIV/AIDS, and a host of other NGOs. d) Became a socially responsible company in the global market. This comprehensive program reflects that Anglo American has a good intention on protecting the rights of infected workers. e) The program might have a bright future, as 95% have responded well to the treatment and are working productively. f) The gradual change in the South African government’s view towards HIV/AIDS can further on help Anglo American to combat this national wide epidemic issue of the disease. The cons would be: a) The company had to bear outrageous amount of operating costs to combat this issue, with an estimated $4,000 per employee when the company typically offers $830 for wages and benefits per employee. b) There is a 15% level of non-adherence from the workers who are enrolled in the program and due to harsh working conditions make it hard for workers to take medications on time or to deal with side effects. c) Pressures and oppositions from various constituencies such as the South African government, political leaders, and CEO Brian Gillbertson of BHP Billiton who all thought that the program was not efficient. South Africa’s prime minister uttered the initative as a â€Å"vigilante† move designed to place unreasonable burdens on the government. Recommendations: Anglo American should cut down on major costs to support the program in order prevent further waste of money since it can cost 7.2% of the company’s wage bill. Provide only to those who need to be treated and who can adhere to the program. Anglo American should also seek support from WHO and other international humanitarian organizations, and the South African government with the objective of a great cause for the South Africans. Also try to cooperate with pharmaceutical companies who can sell antiretroviral drugs at a subsidized rate. All of these actions should help maintain the image of the company in the global market. 2. Since migrant workers in South Africa account for about four-fifth of the total workforce, it would not be a strategic decision to adopt the policy of not hiring migrant workers. This policy can also have negative impacts on the company’s image, since it is a pretty discriminatory policy and can cause unequal treatments to workers. Therefore, Anglo American should still hire migrant workers because there are a lot of workers needed to work in the mine site. Switching policies regarding whom to hire will only further increase operating costs. 3. Pharmaceutical companies play a big role in responding to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa. Since GlaxoSmithKline can sell antiretroviral drugs to Anglo American at 1/10th of the market price in industrialized world, other pharmaceutical companies should be able to do so in order to safe the lives of millions of people. The South African government should cooperate with these pharmaceutical companies since the government itself has started implementing National Strategic Plan for combating HIV/AIDS. This will allow pharmaceutical companies to enter in B2B deals with the government and companies who care for their employees’ health. For the poor enforcement of patent rights, Pharmaceutical companies should enter into an agreement with the South African government that these rights will be protected otherwise cooperation between parties will not take place. There should be strict policies and courses of actions to tackle infringement of patent rights. Pharmaceutical companies should also invest more in R&D to create drugs for HIV/AIDS that can save the lives of people. 4. South African government should not 100% implement aggressive policies that were conducted in Brazil and Thailand mainly due to differences in political, economic, legal, cultural conditions, these policies might not work in South Africa (such as taking advantage of TRIPS agreement etc). Instead, the South African government should learn from these countries how to tackle the epidemic issues, relate the situations and implement some of the steps that might be feasible to implement in South Africa. Anglo American’s cooperation with GlaxoSmithKline purchasing life saving drugs at a reasonable price should encourage other pharmaceutical companies (especially MNEs) to join the program to fight against this epidemic disease.

A Social Partnerships in the New Millenium

Social partnership is very fashionable right now. It has become the new â€Å"buzzword† in Industrial Relations. The ‘new' government, the TUC and the CBI are all promoting partnership at work, every week there is another conference held somewhere in the country on the topic of partnership. There is also a huge amount being written about the issue, some Industrial Relations commentators have even hailed this as the most exciting thing to happen to UK industry in years. However, not every group completely agrees with this. For example, some groups believe that Social Partnership has had a very negative effect on British Trade Unions. At www.labournet.org.uk a group have named a bulletin board ‘Solidarity'. It is a page dedicated to ‘challenging social partnership' and it's apparent corrosive effects on union power. It is very typical of the types of arguments put forward by groups that are oh so against social partnerships. Stakeholders like the authors of solidarity believe that social partnerships tie unions to the coat tails of employers. What they want is a ‘new unionism' which opposes subordination to the ‘global market' and builds on the experience of the Liverpool Dockers. This group is completely opposed to any kind of privatisation and really wants more from unions than just a concern for working conditions. They want a break â€Å"..with the narrow work place concerns of ‘non-political' trade unionism† and believe that unions should fight † for the interests of the working class and oppressed as a whole†. They also see a need for a repeal of all â€Å"anti-union† legislation and an end to state interference into unions, such as social partnership agreements. Taken from ‘Solidarity', the journal that openly states it's purpose is to challenge social partnerships in trade unions, here are some ‘facts' that display how social partnerships have had a harmful effect on British trade unions: In Rover and the car industry, where the unions have identified the interests of workers with commercial success in the ‘global market', they have been gravely weakened and meekly accepted massive job cuts. USDAW has reached a ‘Partnership Agreement' with Tesco which takes away the right of the union members as a whole to vote on pay deals. The TUC has collaborated with a privatised utility in the Energy Industry and set up a company with them – Union Energy – thus effectively abandoning the fight for re-nationalisation. They are collaborating with a privatised utility which has decimated trade union members' jobs. The unions have swallowed ‘Investors in People' which identifies the interests of union members with the ‘business aims' of private companies. The TUC and most unions have accepted that the increased competition of the ‘global market' means unity with ‘our employers' and competing with workers in other countries. Stakeholders like these aim to challenge social partnership by campaigning for complete independence of the unions from the employer. They reject globalisation and counterpoise to it a working class internationalism which recognises that workers have more in common with those in other countries than they do with ‘our own' bosses. It is a very Marxist standpoint . They feel that for those in the unions who support their independence from the employers and the state, a systematic struggle against ‘social partnership' in all its manifestations is a central task if they are to break the unions from the employers' coat tails. They are insistent that this outlook has only been adopted by union leaders. It has though percolated down to many workplaces, reinforced by the fear of unemployment. This far left view contrasts greatly with those unions that actually see social partnership in a very positive, if slightly unclear light. Unions like FIET, The International Federation of commercial, clerical, professional, and technical employees see social partnership as a â€Å"new and challenging area of work for the union.† For unions that see the millennium as a time to accept social partnership, it will mean unions and companies learning to do things differently, rather than trying to campaign against this change. Some unions like FIET have accepted that we now have a government committed to promoting the partnership approach, and to ensuring that it becomes a permanent feature in the workplace. Unions like this have therefore accepted that social partnership is going to be around for a long time. I think that left wing reactions to social partnerships, like that of ‘Solidarity' is very much a reactive one rather than considered. I think that those stakeholders set so strongly against this issue need to understand that the government's political commitment to partnership goes far beyond the UK. We now have a new and positive approach to Europe and this social partnership model is at the heart of the EU's approach to all Industrial Relations. Indeed Social Partnership does mean long term changes to the Industrial Relations scene in Europe and in Britain, all that unions need to work on is understanding what these changes will mean for their members and the companies that they work in. Looked at from this more positive, optimistic standpoint then social partnership has the potential to deliver some very real benefits: Potentially it means that employers will be working with the trade unions to bring about improvements in the quality of work. It means that employees, through their trade union, will be given a much greater say in how their company is run. Social partnership should give unions the opportunity to be consulted earlier, more often and on a wider range of issues than has happened before. Surely the growth in partnership at work can only be a welcome one, if not somewhat overdue? However, these encouraging and upbeat pointers can only be achieved if the unions get themselves involved in equal terms right from the beginning, otherwise employers could try to do things without the unions. As stakeholders like ‘Solidarity' state I think that there is indeed a risk that social partnership may be used to try and undermine trade union organisation in the work place. Employers could potentially claim that they can have a partnership directly with their staff and do not require the union's participation. If the unions are excluded in this way then not only could there be disastrous consequences for union members but social partnership will not work for employers either. Partnership can only be successful when employees as partners are properly supported and resourced through a dependable trade union. To illustrate this point further, let us consider what may happen if the retail sector tried to introduce partnership without trade union involvement : Most employees in this sector work part-time. There are increasingly complex and unsociable working hours in retailing which in turn means that most employees may have very little contact with anyone beyond their shift. In these circumstances employees have less of an opportunity to form a collective view. Simply meeting together can be extremely difficult in such organisations, let alone having the resources and confidence to develop their own ideas and concerns. Therefore it is clear that in most cases employees are unlikely to become equal and effective partners when they do not have the time or the means to generate their own agenda. A dependable and experienced trade union means that employees can enter into partnership properly supported and resourced. To achieve this, a real commitment is required from employers to supporting trade union membership, as the best way for their staff to be given a voice and more importantly the confidence to use it. Basically partnership needs partners. But how will social partnership actually change things in real terms for employees and the unions? By answering this question I will hopefully be able to assess if social partnership is a viable way forward in the new millennium. Firstly, unions need to take a positive approach, for them social partnerships should be about: Co-operation, not confrontation. Improving the quality of working life. Employers listening to and respecting unions and vice versa. Employees developing their own agenda through their trade union. If they agree on the above terms then hopefully it will mean: Moving away from the common practice of the union only talking to companies once a year. At the moment, even with companies with whom there exists a good relationship, unions often only talk to the organisation at the time of the annual wage negotiations. Many unions feel that the annual wage round sometimes becomes a little tired and predictable, with companies offering the lowest increase that they feel they can get away with. However, partnership is different. For the unions, it means talking to companies throughout the year. It means having a constant dialogue with employers about what is happening at all levels of the company. It should also mean that the union is consulted on a wider range of issues. Companies are used to contacting unions when they are implementing redundancies or sell offs. Mainly because there is a legal obligation on them to do this, but unions have not in the past been consulted on the overall direction of a company or about strategic decisions that may affect employees. A Social Partnership means that the union should be consulted on a far wider range of issues than they have been used to. It means earlier and better consultation sessions, theoretically no more being told about something when it has already been implemented.

Article Review-how Collectivism affect management(International Essay

Article Review-how Collectivism affect management(International Management) - Essay Example Firstly, the majority of existing inquiries studied the issue within formal organizational setting while Van Dyne and colleagues examined organizational citizenship of residents in a housing cooperative setting where roles were not influenced by traditional employee-employer work relationships. Secondly, the study not only looked at the mere relationship between collectivism and propensity to trust and OC, but also explored the process that links the antecedents to OC. Van Dyne identified one mediator (Organization-based self-esteem) and one moderator (organizational tenure) to provide insight into the process that links these antecedents with organizational citizenship. The study involved almost 1500 participants, was conducted in two stages with 6 months between them. During the first stage the authors measured collectivism, propensity to trust, organization-based self-esteem, and the control variables using specific questionnaires. The second stage was dedicated to measuring the dependent variable, organizational citizenship. The results largely supported Van Dyne’s hypotheses and demonstrated that in non-formal organizational setting individual differences between participants (collectivism and propensity to trust) have substantial influence on OC. In particular, the authors discovered that after accounting for the effects of the main control variables including national citizenship, cooperative, and in-role behavior, both hypothesized antecedents positively correlated with subsequent OCB measured six months later. Besides, the role of organizational-based self-esteem (OBSE) as valid mediator of the effects of collectivism and propensity to trust on OC was confirmed, while organizational tenure moderated the relationship between the propensity to trust and self-esteem. Interestingly, tenure was not found to moderate the relationship between collectivism and OBSE. Usefulness analysis carried

Organisational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Organisational behavior - Essay Example A directly proportional relationship has been identified between the two variables. This develops the understanding that if the job satisfaction increases than the productivity/performance of employee will also be increased, this increment in the employee’s productivity is creating a competitive advantage or giving the competitive advantage to the company. This research paper is conducted with the aim of identifying that at what extent the job satisfaction is creating the competitive advantage for the company; along with identifying those components of job satisfaction that are participating the most in improving job performance of the employees. Motivation leads to higher satisfaction, and higher satisfaction leads to higher productivity. LITERATURE REVIEW: Nowadays the companies are determining the reasonable balance between employee commitment and performance of the company (Cullen et al., 2013). The companies are providing fair compensation and rewards to the employees tha t are becoming the main factor in employees’ motivation and self-esteem. Manager has the responsibility to motivate the employees successfully and influence them by different managerial skills to improve organizational efficiency. According to Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, & Corbett, (2010) the ability and motivation drives the performance of an employee. Ability of an employee devised through his/her education, equipment, experience, training, ease in the task and two types of capacities i.e. physical and mental. According to Gagne & Deci (2005), the process of performance management is one of the most crucial elements of total reward system and employees at times have to motivate themselves. According to John (2002), the effective performance of an employee leads him/her towards the organizational rewards, as a result, the factor of motivation lies in their performance. Most of the companies require their employees to perform duties according to the rules and policie s of the company and meet all the job standards. The studies that are conducted to determine the relationship between compensation and employees were focused to improve the performance of the employee in the organization (Lai & Chen, 2012). Nowadays employees that are highly motivated create a competitive advantage for their companies; because their effective performance leads an organization to well attainment of its goals. Among all the resources of the company; human resource is most important that can give the competitive advantage to the company. According to Bryman (2013), commitment of the employees is very much based on the reward and recognition system of the company. Most of the organizations increase the performance efficiency of employees by designing attractive rewards and compensation system in the company. Various researches have been done so far in determining the most effective way to increase the productivity of most of the employees in the organization, and it has determined that the most effective way to increase the work efficiency of employees is the rewards and compensation system in the company. Rewards and recognition system play an important role in developing employee satisfaction and motivation. The working environment is continuously changing with the technological advancement and changing human

MGMT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

MGMT - Essay Example nditions firm revise their method of operations and subsequently adjust their offerings in order to ensure that they continuously serve their customers well. This article though not directly related with the organizational behavior but indicates a vital link between the organizations and its customers and how things change over the period of time. Organizations tend to adjust their prices on different occasions in order to accommodate their customers so that not only sales can be generated but publicity shall be achieved. This article therefore perfectly describes such situation. This article provides a critical insight into how the organizations set their prices and bundle their overall offering. What is also critical to note that this article offers an opportunity to understand the pricing dynamics and how they are affected? This is quite interesting article in the sense that it sheds light on different aspects of organizational behavior. First it is all about how organizations actually lock in their customers and what are some of the ways in which organizations can formulate strategic alliances in order to take benefit of each others strengths and core competencies? Google is unique in the sense that it has been able to change the way people tend to experience the web and internet. This article is also an ample proof of how organization like Google is reshaping the industry dynamics and continuously evolve itself into different markets in order to take benefit from the smaller opportunities offered by the different niche markets. This article provides a good example of how organizations compete with each other and take benefit from the space left behind by other organizations. This is interesting in the sense that it also offers a very good example of how market leaders work and how others follow them. This is interesting in the sense that it offers a good example of how businesses are developed as family businesses and how they are managed on long term

Reflective Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective Report - Coursework Example Different activities or roles are performed throughout a meeting to assist partakers in attaining the meeting objectives. Enabling or simplification of successful outcomes is the duty of both executives and members. Executives who are equipped to be competent, productive, and self-confident are capable of accomplishing tasks, cultivate a solid, unified group environment, and form strong relationships (Dwyer, 2012). They enable the attainment of goals and encourage the full involvement of others at the meeting. Specifically, I have learned that an executive with competent meeting skills is capable of guiding and strengthening the meeting at every phase. At the start of the meeting, the executive should explain and obtain agreement on objectives, specify conditions, rules, and duties, and promote a strong group environment. For the duration of the meeting, the executive should assist the team in adjusting and implementing the programme, achieve the task goals, formulate action plans, make decisions, create and sustain positive relationships, and make sure the team environment is productive (Dwyer, 2012). At the end of the meeting, the executive should sum up and specify any aspect that demand future response and call the attention of participants about the important details of the meeting. After the meeting, the executive should distribute or communicate outcomes in a prompt way; assess the success of the meeting; observe execution of the action plan; and recommend adjustments for prospecti ve meetings. Open and effective communication and competent executive meeting skills result in a successful meeting that facilitates decision-making and implementation of actions in order to attain desired outcomes. Moreover, developing a vision, making preparations early on, establishing goals throughout the meeting and setting requirements for feedback or follow-up and evaluation later on are crucial. Simply put, an

How has Islamic religion influenced American culture Essay

How has Islamic religion influenced American culture - Essay Example re are many points that should be taken into account as well as there are traces that should be identified as those that are largely affected by Islam. That is why exploring the issue in question may be particularly beneficial since it sheds light on the true nature of both parties. This paper will analyze how Islamic religion has influenced American culture. In order to do so, it may be necessary to examine some of the earliest encounters between the religion in question and the United States. Afterwards, the concept of religion in general will be explored, namely how Islam is able to be included into the Christian dominated social environment. The next important aspect is education: Islam is known to have a considerable impact on the educational process and this largely shapes the latter. The issue of Muslim identity should also be carefully examined since it is able to highlight the major aspects of each of the side involved. The paper will also focus on the negative impact that i s often attributed to Muslims and how it defines the modern culture. It is rather obvious that some people might argue that the history of interaction of Islam and the United States started relatively not so long ago. However, these people tend to forget that Muslims did not only appear in America at the time of its created, but also contributes towards its emergence. By far, the Civil War is one of the major historical events in the history of the United State. So, if one carefully analyzes the demographics of the soldiers who fought for the North, one will be able to see that there was a considerable number of Muslims. With this is mind, it is obvious that people who belong to this faith greatly contributed towards the very appearance of this culture. Indeed, the aftermath of the Civil War resulted in an â€Å"increased ethnic and racial diversity and the heterogeneity of religious life in America †¦ called for the rethinking of the essential character of America† (GhaneaBassiri,

Case Study 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Study 4 - Essay Example Our objective will be to optimize the application of our dataset toward more effective CRM. The set includes both audio-visual information and electronic-data information. To focus efforts and avoid legal ethical questions, we will concentrate of the electronic-data portion. This mainly includes information gathered from telecommunications and membership cards transactions. The end product would include a GUI expressing the current trends in customer behavior and accepting inputs that translate into operational measures and investigate correlations to help optimize our influence over buyer behavior. The reasons for not using all of the available data is two-fold -- one is ethical, the other operational. The operational reason is work flow related. To avoid scope creep, we limit our focus on each component of any project. The ethical reason is about questions of personal privacy in a public way. While applying numerical data is more objective because any identifying information may be stripped from the dataset during data analysis. However, it may not be outside the scope of an expanded version of this process to apply some of the audio-visual

White Skin, Black Mask Essay Example for Free

White Skin, Black Mask Essay Frantz Fanons astounding debut novel, Black Skin, White Masks (1952), originally titled An Essay For The Disalienation Of Blacks, defined colonialism and its effect on the black man and took him further into the region of the human mind. After taking a position at a psychiatric hospital in Algeria, he became involved in its war, eventually deserting his cranial post to become a full-time militant in the Algerian National Liberation Front, and stemming from this period he penned his infamous manifesto, The Wretched Of The Earth. A failed assassination attempt years later confirmed his potency. This complex documentary also reveals the hypocrisies and inconsistencies lurking within Fanon, the most surprising of all, when he married a white woman. Part reconstruction, part archive, Black Skin, White Masks features rare footage of the man himself and experts attest to his brilliance including Professor Stuart Hall, Francoise Verges, psychoanalyst Alice Cherki, psychiatrist Jacques Azoulay (who worked and studied with Fanon), Fanons brother Joby, Mme Felix Fanon, and his sister-in-law and niece and finally cultural critic Homi K Bhabha offers valuable insight into Fanons relevance today. Isaac Juliens absorbing ode to Frantz Fanon is a fitting tribute and in breathtaking homage and style he offers the truth, the poetry, the bitterness of history and a glowing epiphany to the man himself. Black Skin, White Masks is a provocative walk through a land filled with colour, human need and exotic diversity that leaves no stone unturned. Black Skin, White Masks was an eye opener for me. It helped me realize how African Americans were treated in the our society for many years. I now realize why the older generation of African Americans hate when the younger generation use the nigger/nigga. It could bring back memories of racism that no one wants to remember. Rage is what I felt when I read the first paragraph of the novel, but its not my place to judge a entire race for past experiences that didnt happen to me. I also realized how real life in the past was: dying for saying the wrong thing, and being judged just by the color of your skin. I glad I took the time to read Black Skin, White Masks it helped me realize a lot and gave me a better understanding of how life was during segregation.

A Breakthrough in Science and Technology Essay Example for Free

A Breakthrough in Science and Technology Essay The computer is an amazing machine. Nowadays , we are living in the computer age and most of our day to day activities can not be accomplished without using computers. The computer has become an indispensable and multipurpose tool. We are breathing in the computer age and gradually the computer has become such a desire necessity of life. It is difficult to imagine life without computer. The computer is a latest breakthrough in science and technology because of the history of its development and the advantages of the computer as well as the prospect of it in the future. The history of computer‘s development includes four generations. The first generation computers were invented in the 1940s and 1950s. ENIAC was the world first successful electronic computer. It was invented by two scientists namely J. P. Eckert and J. W. Mauchy. It was very huge and big. Its weight was 30 tones. It could store only limited or small amount of data. The second generation computers were invented from 1955 to 1960. The first transistor computer was created at the University of Manchester in 1953 and the most popular of transistor computers was IBM 1401. Its transistors were used as the electronic component instead of vacuum tubes. The size of computer was decreased and it became much smaller than that of earlier computer. Next, the third generation computers were invented in the 1960s. They were invented in 1964. IC was used as the electronic component of computers. Those computers were developed by T. S. Kilby . They had huge storage capacity and higher calculating speed. Then, the fourth generation computers were invented from 1971 to now. This is the generation we are working today. Smaller computers have become available. The computer has many advantages . It has become an important household item . It has become an indispensable device for us in the office , home or school . The computer helps people do many things quicker and faster than they did before. A very clear evidence is that documents can be composed without papers The computer allows the user to create documents , edit , print and store them so that they can be restricted later . Using the computer , one can remain connect to the world through the internet . The internet allows people from around the world to communicate with other people through chatting, email, etc. People can also share knowledge, ideas and experiences in any field. Moreover , the computer is a wonderful device for people to entertain and relax such as listening to music , watching films , reading newspapers , playing games and so on . Nowadays , the computers are widely used for education and training purposes. In fact, the computers have become a learning tool for students . Nowadays, there are many universities that provide online degrees, which are advantages for those people staying in remote areas and for disabled. One can take the benefit of such online degree programs staying at home without the need of relocation. The computers are also used for training purposes. Many companies use them to train their staff. The prospect of the computer is that the computer will be used to create more sophisticated computers. May be, everything would be a computer. The computers will be so complex. They will bring a lot of benefits. They will be able to fly planes and they will be able to coordinate the movements of several planes in the vicinity of an airport. Furthermore, the computer not people could colonize the other planets and explore the galaxy. All in all, the computer is a wonderful device. Because of the history of its development, the advantages of the computer and the prospect of it, the computer has made a big breakthrough in science and technology. In fact, we live in a technological era, the computers have penetrated everywhere with all benefits they provide. We are satisfied with them and sometimes we even thank them because they help us in communicating, studying, doing business, entertaining and saving lives in critical situations.

Human resources management: Lloyds TSB Group

Human resources management: Lloyds TSB Group INTRODUCTION A companys growth can normally happen in one of the two ways. Organic or inorganic growth. Merger and acquisition mainly results from inorganic growth. In the early 1990s, there was a great increase in the number of mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry. Lloyds TSB has recently grown through a further acquisition. By acquiring HBOS (Halifax/Bank of Scotland) plc, the Lloyds Banking Group has become the largest retail bank in the UK. Around half of all people in the UK (30 million) now bank with the Lloyds Banking Group. The group has the largest branch network of any UK bank and 140,000 staff. The acquisition also means that the new group has a broader range of expertise with multiple brands under its banner. It is a more diverse business, with stronger market presence in areas such as mortgages, insurance, finance and investments. With refer to this merger and acquisitions hold major organizational behavior challenges such as Change of Human Resources Management, Culture, Conflict and change within the organizational for managers at various levels of the firms involved. This paper attempts to chronicle the acquisition of HBOS bank by Lloyds TSB bank that tried to create the UKs leading financial services group. Unlike previously written papers that describe the performance of the firm before and after the acquisition, this paper focuses on the human resources management, culture, conflict and change issues involved in the acquisition before and after the acquisition is completed. This paper tries to explain the organizational behavior of the acquired banks personnel and what their expectations, fears, hopes, and beliefs are before and after the transaction takes place. 1.0 Background of Lloyds TSB Group Lloyds TSB is a leading UK based financial services group providing a wide range of banking and financial services, primarily in the UK, to personal and corporate customers. The main business activities are retail, commercial and corporate banking, general insurance, and life, pensions and investment provision. The Group has a large and diversified customer base and services are offered through a number of well recognized brands (Lloyds TSB, Cheltenham Gloucester, Scottish Widows), and via a unique distribution capability comprising one of the largest branch networks in the UK and intermediary channels. On January 16, 2009, Lloyds Banking Group plc acquired HBOS plc. In November 2009, The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation completed the acquisition of Insight Investment Management Limited from the Company. Lloyds TSB Group is quoted on the London Stock Exchange and is one of the largest companies within the FTSE 100, with a market capitalization of  £26.7 billion on 31 December 2007. At the end of 2007 total group assets were  £353 billion and the Group has nearly 70,000 employees. Total income for the 12 months to 31 December 2007 was  £18 billion with profit before tax totaling  £4 billion. The group activities are organized into three businesses: UK Retail Banking, Insurance and Investments and Wholesale and International Banking. Question (i) 2.0 Human Resource Management Human Resources Management (HRM) can play a very important role in the success of HBOS merger. HRM is acting an important source of the input while evaluating whether to go ahead with a given merger or not. According to Carter McNamara The HRM function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. (Carter McNamara, 2009) 2.1Challenges faced by new organization 2.1.1HR policies HRM help in ensuring that the employees of acquired new organization remain motivated after the merger. According to the Fisher (1989), transfer of the HRM practices can be difficult in organizations with different cultures compared to transfer of other resources like technology, capital and others. But this does not deter the transfer of HRM practices. It is further important to differentiate between the requirements of various organizations and it is not necessary a uniform policy can be successful across the broad. After the merger, HR policies are directed focus at two directions. The first one, is to achieve integration and provide a good working environment through a good compensation policy and training programs. Secondly, the main objective of the HR policies is to meet broader objective like bringing about a culture change in the organization. According to Fisher (1989), immediately after merger there is focus to make the operations move profitability and productive, as a result to focus on restricting operations and cutting costs. One of the key tool applied is downsizing the workforce. So, new management uses merger an opportunity to implement some of the difficult decisions in both the acquired and acquirer organization. 2.1.2Changing new strategy The merger is essential to define new common strategies to align the new organization towards its new vision. According to Recklies (2001), the vision of the merged organization is one of the first issues to be addressed before merger stage of the process of the transaction. The Lloyds TSB is necessary to align the HRM strategy of the new organization with the MA strategy. According to Aguilera and Dencker (2004) the following conceptual tools have been used to identify the key HRM challenges in MA key: Resources- people and capital Processes- activities involved in converting inputs to output Values- employees mode of thinking Table 1: Comparison of various merger strategic based on certain conceptual tools in the new organization HR tools Overcapacity strategy Product/market Extension strategy Substitute to RD strategy Resources Reduce in manpower. Downsizing strategy is essential for achieving economic of scale. Reserve of manpower as the managers of the two organizations specializes in different function. Reserve of employees in order to facilitate sharing of technology and knowledge. Processes Processes are similar and not much changes are required. Processes are different and their integration is one of the key issues for the success in the merger. Training system can help in this regard. Processes of the participating organization are different and need to be aligned with the help of training to help on transfer of knowledge. Value Differences in values are not much different if the organization is operating in the same geography and market. Values are differences and should be integrated smoothly. Value is similar and can be aligned easily. 2.1.3 Structure issues Due to the acquisition with HBOS, this is an important decision to be made by HR during the integration of the merger is determination of the management structure. According to Anderson (1998), this is a decision that should be made as soon as the deal for the merger is signed by both the parties to avoid confusion among the manager about their roles in the new organization. A centralized structure with well defined relationships is necessary in order to enable quick decision making and accountability among the managers. Conflicts are likely to occur while designing the organizational structure due to the assignment of positions in the hierarchy. This can be prevented to certain extent by ensuring the managers from both the organizations are present in the different layers of the organization. The determination of the hierarchy of the organizations should be purely based on the merit. 2.1.4 Leadership issues After the merger, a new clear leadership will be appointed. These appointments are subject to formal FSA approval and will become effective upon the completion of the HBOS acquisition. (Source from Lloyds TSB press release) According to Sitkin and Pablo (2004), a clear leadership has a positive impact on the employees of the organization. Leadership includes the individual leader of the organization at the top and both the top management. According to De Georgio (2003), the management is likely to face the barriers while deciding the leaders of the organization: Lack of time Lack of information about candidates from the other organization Culture conflict Split in the differences in culture, the leader should be able to communicate the mission, values and vision of the organization successfully to the employees. 2.1.5 Downsizing and persisting key talent The merger usually results to redundant people. The objective of the new entity is to persist with the most capable person regardless of the original company they belong in. The process is not based on the objective measures and fairness it could change the attitude of employees towards the merger and employees may not look at it favorable. This will make employee focus on their personal job security and worries rather than on the larger organizational objectives. The management is reluctant to communicate with the employees of these issues in before merging stage. Any failure in the communication or vague communication will makes the employees uncertain about their career and future role in the organization. They may seek other information source like informal communication and rumors which has a very negative impact on their performance and also will increase the anxiety. The only way to solve this matter for the management is to open a frequent channel of communication with the employees. Regular and honest communication can stabilizing the effect on the employees. For more effective in the communication, the management should address the issues that are most relevant to the employee such as layoffs, compensation, change in benefits and change in responsibilities. 2.1.6 Culture integration issues The new organization will faced culture integration issue. Where, this is the toughest matter that companies face in merger is the two different cultures. According to Bowick who lead the HR through the HP-deal merger deal day its critical to get people speaking the same language. For instance, discovered the people at both organizations were using the term customer solution, but it meant different thing to each of them. In order to solve culture integration, HR management needs to be the first to identify the disconnexion and get discussion. The role of HR in the whole merger process has undergone changes in given the failures in number of deals that due to problems in cultural integration. (Bowick, 2002) The key role of the HR manager will face after merging phase is to identify the mission, vision, values and culture that the organization plan to implement. These activities of HR manager in the integration process is include the aligning and defining employees with the strategies vision, developing effective communication channel, integration philosophy, conflict management and defining uniform HR practices across the whole entity. The HR managers need to make a proper assessment of the new organizations culture. There is also a trend that the HR executive needs interviews with the senior management of the new organization to evaluate the leadership qualities. HR Executive also need to create a profile of the best practices of the organization and compare it with their own staff to identify similarities and differences. Besides that, HR executives also need to identify common points in the two culture from where they can base the whole process of the integration after the acquisition. 2.1.7 Conflict management Conflict is likely to occur almost the employees in the after merging phase. HR manager need to keep in place on conflict resolution and escalation plan. It is also responsible for organizing training the managers in conflict management. Conflict can often arise due to culture differences, control, structure, not clear demarcation of role and responsibilities, organizational hierarchy and miscommunication. Through these issue of conflict resolution will be part of the integration plan the HR should be ready for contingencies. Question (ii) 3.0 Culture Organization can be conduct in many ways such as culture, virtual, organism, brain, political system and so on. Organizational culture is the first issues that they need to consider to acquisition HBOS. Organization culture refers to the general culture within an organization, and is always also referred to as corporate culture, though that isnt the best description since a large non-profit organization or charity could also have its own organizational culture even though they are definitely not corporations. Gareth Morgan has described organizational culture as: The set of the set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities that represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it. (Morgan, 1997) Figure 1- Ways of seeing an organization (2006 p.139 fig.5.4) Brooks claims there are many ways of seeing an organization. Organism Virtual Organizational is aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Brain Culture Political System Machine The Lloyds TSB takeover of HBOS is not only means merging of two different financial organizations but also an acquisition of two different cultures. The new management have to be ready to facing new challenges when the two organisations are merging. Bicultural audit is important for the merging of two organisations culture. This audit produces data for starting work platform, strategy required for successful merger. The three types are as follows: Identification of cultural gap- Is comparing the values, vision and management behaviour for both companies, this phase recognizes the gap. Analysis of cultural gap- This phase brings out the similarities and dissimilarities between the two organizational cultures. Culture bridging- Refer to the basis of the above two informations the data management team can start the bridging of culture process.(Bicultural Audit, by Richard Cook) 3.1 The Cultural perspective: According to Brooks I (2006 p.140) Culture and organization can be viewed as an iceberg, a metaphor which suggests you to see on the surface masks a much deeper, mystical and powerful reality. Lloyds TSB HBOS It seen that though Lloyds TSB, they have merged with many companies in previously, they were all similar culture so that the original culture of Lloyds TSB is still stayed undiluted. (Source: Company Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, VAULT Employee Satisfaction Surveys and Media Articles) Lloyds TSB is based on Artifacts: Recruit talented people through tough selection procedure. Customer oriented. Employees rewarded on the basis of client satisfaction. Create framework for employee clear learning and future needs. Provide personal development programs for employees. Their Anglo-Scottish merger earlier between Halifax and Bank of Scotland however it seems have resulted in dilution of both cultures. (Source: Company Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, VAULT Employee Satisfaction Surveys and Media Articles) HBOS is based on Values: Market savvy. Younger. Mortgage expertise. Rewards-oriented company. 3.2 Type of Culture between Lloyds TSB and HBOS Lloyds TSB HBOS Lloyds TSB is based on role cultured: Produce more output in good environment. Strong banking system. HBOS is based on task cultured: Focused on goals. Work in team. It seems there are cultural differences between Lloyds TSB and HBOS, due to these culture differences it can make misunderstandings, fuelled emotional reactions, and conflicts. This can conduct to negative attitudes by the key top managers and be a major obstacle to the successful integration of the two organizations. Cultural differences will appear to be a critical factor in creating such an atmosphere and obtaining peoples cooperation. Figure 2: As per Deal Kennedy Feedback-Rise Model: High Risk HBOS High Risk High Feedback Bet your company culture High Risk Lloyds TSB -Low Risk -High Feedback -Process driven culture Feedback High As per Hofstedes study model (Source: Social Responsibility Report 07/08) Lloyds TSB HBOS Power distance High-Disciplined Low-Acceptance of responsibility Uncertainty Avoidance High- Precision Low- Basic innovations Collectivism vs. Individualism High-Employee commitment Low- Management mobility Masculinity vs. Feminity High-Mass production, efficiency and bulk chemistry Low- Personal service, custom made products and biochemistry Long vs. Short term orientation High- Developing markets Low- Fast adaptation 4.0 Conflict Is process that begins when an organization or party perceives differences and opposition between itself and another organization or party about interest and resources, belief, values or practices that matter to them. According to Gareth R. Jones and Jennifer M. Georges, conflict is the discord that arises when the goals, interests or values of different individuals or groups are incompatible and those individuals or groups block or thwart one anothers attempts to achieve their objective. (Gareth R. Jones and M. George, 2008) 4.1 Positive of conflict 4.1.1 Clarification of view The Boards of HBOS and Lloyds TSB believe that the Acquisition is a compelling business combination which offers substantial benefits for shareholders and customers. There is a clarification of view in the Acquisition is accelerates to build the UKs leading financial services company by focusing on growing sustainable earnings streams, based on deep customer relationships. 4.1.2 A chance for people to test their capabilities The group has excellent breadth and balance with strong positions in Retail, Corporate Banking, SME Business Banking and Long Term Savings. The group will have a substantial direct personal customer base and the means to unlock the significant commercial opportunities offered by Lloyds TSBs and HBOSs. The combined group will benefit from a portfolio of strong and trusted brands including Bank of Scotland, Halifax, CG and Scottish Widows. With these strong trusted brands, customers have more confident to choices or try the different products that the new organization offers. 4.1.3 Long-standing problems brought to the surface and resolved Normally, cost synergies savings are always a long-term issues for organization to solve, with the merger with HBOS will lead to an additional contribution to earnings before tax from cost synergies significantly in excess of  £1 billion per year. 4.1.4 To produce better idea The Acquisition brings together two of the leading retailers in UK financial services, with strengths in customer relationship management, product design, branch sales processes and in telephone and internet banking through gain sustainability competitive advantage in banking industry. 4.2 Conflict comparison between Lloyds and HBOS 4.2.1 Differences in perception Lloyds TSB Remains to grow the business through developing long-term customer relationships and building customer franchise. HBOS Delivering growth in profits to its many shareholders and transparent, fair, value-for-money products and services to its customers. Positive Argument Perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organizing sensory information to achieve the organizational goals. The important of perception is to find innovative solution for the problems, to leverage creativity and motivation the higher plateau of thinking, to help of perception, habits and attitudes will get changed and can find solution the most difficult problems. Negative Argument Lloyds TSB and HBOS may have different motives on perception going such as increasing market share, achieving economic of scale, entering new market, acquiring new technologies, warding off threats of hostile takeover and diversification. Different perception might cause the failure in Merging. 4.2.2 The Nature of work activities Lloyds TSB HBOS Its main business activities are Retail Commercial and corporate banking General insurance and life Pensions and investment provision. The HBOS Groups products and services can be categorized into the following business divisions: Retail Corporate Insurance Investment Strategy International Treasury and Asset Management. Positive Argument The merge of Lloyds TSB and HBOS were similar nature of working activities so there is no much changes of the organizations business or activities. In might change in the staffs working activities such as changing department, office and so on. With this change, staffs will beneficial in changing new working environment where some of the staff had feel bored, inefficiency with the current position. Secondly, staffs are able to learn new skills in the new working place. Negative Argument Change nature of activities will change characteristics, beliefs, values, and expectations. Some of the staff will have demanding in the salaries, position, rewards and so on. Besides that, changes a persons nature of working activities might waste time because the person might not have the skills or confident with the department they change it need to take time to learn. 4.2.3 Role Conflict Lloyds TSB HBOS And despite its black horse logo, Lloyds TSB is more of an old nag, following the market and paying poor rates to long-standing customers. Lloyds TSB, on the other hand, markets decent-sounding accounts to new savers but then closes them, often paying dreadful rates of interest to those still stuck in them. In Lloyds TSBs subsidiary Cheltenham Gloucester has complicated accounts which dock interest when you take money out or limit you to a certain number of withdrawals a year from an easy access account. Halifax has a reputation as an innovator when it comes to savings accounts its behavior can still hark back to its building society roots as it balances the interest of savers and borrowers. For instance, Halifax was among the first to offer a regular savings account paying a top rate of interest. Halifax makes a great effort to persuade its savers to move from old accounts to better-paying ones, and has been a leader in trying to reunite savers with old, forgotten accounts. Positive Argument: Role is an important process functional in an organization. May increase efficiency in process and product and services and gain competitive advantage in banking industry. Negative Argument Changes in role for both organizations will have negative impact such as inefficiency structure, lack process, take longer time than previously, and change in new rules and regulation and so on. 4.2.4 Departmentalism and specialization Lloyds TSB HBOS Lloyds TSB Corporate Markets is one of the UKs leading providers of corporate banking, supporting businesses with an annual turnover in excess of  £15m. We provide specialized financing to a range of industry sectors. Some of these services include: Cash management and payments, Foreign exchange and risk management, Loans and bonds, Trade finance, Structured investments. It is about integrating business activities so that HBOS acts as a good corporate citizen and meets the expectations of its stakeholders: colleagues, customers, shareholders, Government, the media and society. Included amongst the activities that HBOS aim to integrate are: Marketplace products, financial literacy, inclusion promoting the interests of shareholders and customers; dealing fairly with suppliers. Employment total reward, diversity, wellbeing how HBOS aim to attract and retain the best workforce. Community community investment, volunteering, sponsorship how HBOS manage our relationship with society in general. Environment responsible resource stewardship, etc. managing organizational environmental impacts effectively. Positive Argument: Departmentalism and specialization is a structures and the performance of the respective firms. By working in departmentalism and specialization, the staff in Lloyds TSB and HBOS are able to work efficiently through their skills, knowledge, professional and interest. Negative Argument Failure on departmentalism and specialization, the organization will not perform well, loss on business profit, lack of efficient, organization collapse, in a mess daily function and so on. 4.2.5 Limited Resources Lloyds TSB HBOS Branches: 1,900 Employees: 70,000 Customers: 16 million Savings: Lloyds is the UKs fourth largest saving provider. Retail saving balance:  £65 billion Revenue:  £18 billion (2007) Profit:  £4 billion (2007) Branches: 1,100 Employees: 72,000 Customers: 22 million Savings: HBOS is the market leader Retail saving balance: £139 billion Revenue:  £21,291 million (2007) Operating income:  £5,149 million (2007) Profit:  £4,109 million (2007) Positive Argument Mergers and acquisitions generally succeed in generating cost efficiency through the implementation of economies of scale. It may also lead to tax gains and can even lead to a revenue enhancement through market share gain. With refer to the acquisition; Lloyds TSB could achieve cost saving from the  £1.5 billion a year. Negative Argument In order to achieving revenue and cost synergies, Lloyds TSB and HBOS will face the conflict problems such as reduces 20,000 redundant staff, 164 branches network to close. 4.3 Conflict challenges faced between Lloyds TSB and HBOS are as follows: Lloyds TSB HBOS Job insecurity due to recession Financial crises in the market Searching for new investors Quick decision on merging with HBOS Financial crisis Fund raising from the whole sale market Misleading interview Clearing the picture about the organization 5.0Nature of Organizational Change in Lloyds TSB and HBOS Is refers to the overall nature of activities, such as their extent and rate, that occurs during acquisition that aims to enhance the overall performance of the organization. The activities are often led by a change agent, or person currently responsible to guide the overall change effort. The activities are often project-oriented and geared to address a current overall problem or goal in the organization. Besides that, organizational change also involve in external and internal environment of an organization is in a state of constant change. The organization has to re-adjust itself to this changing scenario in order to sustain competitive advantage in the market. 5.1 External forces of change External forces of change create from outside the organization. This is because these forces have global effects; they may cause an organization to question the essence of what business it is in and the process by which products and services are produced. There are four key external forces for change such as: demographic characteristics, technological advancements, market changes, and social and political pressures. 5.2 Internal force to change Internal forces to change are come from inside the organization. These forces may be subtle, such as low morale, or can manifest in outward signs, such as low productivity and conflict. Internal forces for change also come from both human resource issues and managerial behavior. 5.2.1Human Resource issues This issues stem from employee perceptions about how they are treated at job and the match between individual and organization needs and desires. 5.2.2Managerial Behavior Excessive interpersonal conflict between managers and their subordinates is a sign that change is needed. Both the manager and the employee may need interpersonal skills training, or the two individuals may simply need to be separated. 5.3 The stage of Organizational Change in Lloyds TSB and HBOS According to Robbins (2003), a well-known approach to managing change, that requires people to go through three separate processes, is called Lewins Three-Step Change Model. Lewin developed the threeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœstage model of planned change which explained how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. The three stages are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing (p. 564). Figure 3: Movement of an organization from a status quo to a desired state The first transition step is unfreezing, requires a personnel to say goodbye to the way things used to be. The managers must understand that their employees are being asked to give up tasks and processes that have made their previous successful in the past and all the emotional and resistance factors will kick in if enough time is not allotted for this step. The second step is movement, when everyone shifts into neutral. The employees in the organization may have given up their old ways of accomplishing tasks, but they may not quite ready to start using the new process. Employees may seem a slight uncomfortable and there is often confusion. Managers have to manage movement step carefully if not the staffs may try to revert back to the old process. A comparison for unfreezing and movement differences is provided at below. The final step is refreezing, when everyone moves forward and starts accomplishing tasks in the new manner. Again, the great care must be taken when managing this st ep to identify resistance and prevent personnel from going back to the original process. Figure 4: The differences between unfreezing and movement Table: (a) An organization before the change; the Change Group is inactive (b) O Nanotechnology: An overview Nanotechnology: An overview Abstract Nanotechnology has been an important scientific topic for future studies since 1959. ‘Nano derives from the Greek word nanos meaning a dwarf, term strickly for size and not chemical composition. According to recent toxicological studies nanoparticles are any particle less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, classified as natural, anthropogenic or engineered in origin. Nanomaterials are a major trend in medicine. These help deliver medications in a specific target, this is known as Nanomedicine. Another study of the impact of toxic nanoparticles is Nanotoxicity. This later one depends in the future understanding of the toxicity of nanomaterials depend on technological innovations and scientific results stemming from enhanced research and discovery in nanotechnologies. The communication between different areas in science to aid in the study of nanoparticles risk assessment, and toxicology. There are international efforts to study nanotoxicology. Therefore there is a high demand for research, on the effects of nanoparticles. The Amara Law is an advice to that as time pass when humans use the nanotechnology there increase in nanowaste. The interactions between nanoparticles and harmful environmental chemicals may lead to unique exposures and health risks. The research should focus in the merge between the nanoparticles and the environment. Therefore t here are developing laws to be applied for better research the better risk assessment. Regulations for efficiently develop useful and well-planned studies, and future recommendations to manage nanowaste. Nanotechnology is an applied science, growing by the creation of nanoconstructs and the presence of nanoparticles. This derived from nanoscience that is the science of the usage of materials in the nanometer scale. Nanoscience and nanotechnology developing areas of scientific interest in the entire world and have already become key for research and development (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Nanotechnology has been an important scientific topic for future studies since 1959. According to Richard Feynman, â€Å"Theres Plenty of Room at t the Bottom,† a presentation that is possible to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular scales (Hardman R. 2006). Nanoparticles are nanotechnology products, these accumulate creating waste. Nanoparticles are necessary for new medical advances. Studies are currently being done as a result of their impact to the environment. Therefore another subsection of nanotechnology emerges nanotoxicology. There is high demand for studies in risk assessmen t have led to cross communication among physical science and biological science scientists, and recent laws and regulations regarding these small particles. These nanomaterials have novel properties, and a great potential in becoming biologically active, that can lead to a environmental contamination (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Nanotechnology the enabling technology, that involves materials at the nanoscale. ‘Nano derives from the Greek word nanos meaning a dwarf (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The term Nano is strickly to size and not chemical composition in terms of nanoparticles (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). According to recent toxicological studies nanoparticles are any particle less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, classified as natural, anthropogenic or engineered in origin (Moreira S et al. 2009 ) , (Kanno S et al. 2007), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009),( Bà ©ruBà © K et al. 2007),(Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Because of the small size these particles are toxic, as a result of their greater surface area. Their toxicity of remains widely unknown and still poses concerns, due to the peculiar characteristics of materials in the nano-size range (Kanno S et al. 2007), (Bregoli L et al. 2009). The most common nanoparticles present in the environment are combustion derived nanoparticles, from an anthropogenic source (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Bregoli L et al. 2009). Nanoparticles are incorporated in many products from pharmaceuticals to catalysts. As an example, in 2 002 an indium tin oxide nanopowder manufacturing facility was launched by Samsung, used in the production of flat panel displays based on liquid crystals. Therefore the silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes now have the widest range of applications (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Balbus J et al. 2007). The expansion of the nanotechnology, resulted in further classification of nanoparticles in size, shape, charge, chemistry, coating and solubility (Elliott KC. 2007). Some examples of nanoconstructs are carbon nanotubes, fullerene, carbon derivative, quantum dots, and manufactured nanoparticles. Fullerene NanoCarbon60: Started since 1985 these are composed of 60 carbon atoms named Buckyballs o fullerenes, this discovery from Buckminster Fuller (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This nanoparticle induces lipid peroxidation, this according to a study in fish. The investigation included that it also induces oxidative stress, and upregulate genes related to the inflammatory response and metabolism, and that nanoC60 releases oxyradicals in in vitro systems, or act as an oxyradical scavenger (Zhu S et al. 2006). These carbon materials including nanotubes are popular in consumer products since 2006 according to the Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Carbon Nanotubes and Asbestos: Started since 1991, these were synthesized, found to be 100 times stronger than steel. The unusual heat and conductivity characteristics of the nanotubes are important to further developing of new technology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Both asbestos and carbon nanotubes are consider to have major carcinogenic potential, they both act as needles to the cell membranes and cell walls (Moreira S et al. 2009). The asbestos fibers split lengthwise been in a size smaller than the nanosized particles. Quantum Dots QD: These are the semiconductor nanocrystals with special properties applied in biomedical imaging and electronics industries. Because some these have fluorescent properties for biomedical imaging, also there are targets specific biologic events and cellular structures, such as peroxisomes, DNA and cell membrane receptors (Hardman R. 2006). This aids drug delivery and the advance in nanomedicine. For example, Nano selenium is one of the major components of Quantum Dots outer covering, there is a study in Makala Fish that studies the concentrations of micro and nano selenium in the Liver and Muscle. However the compound of selenium such as Sodiumselenite, Selenomethinine, and methylselenocysteine have greater toxicity impact than elemental nanoselenium(Li H et al. 2008). Then nanoparticles had a greater coverage. Manufactured Nanoparticles -Titanium Dioxide and Silver Nanoparticles: Silver particles are use in fridges to avoid growth of saprophytic bacteria and fungi. These particles behave as copper nanoparticles, these nano-biocides can become even cheaper in the next few years. Another nano-biocide is titanium dioxide used to protect glazing. There are studies that focus in Titanium Dioxide.These nanomaterials have greater access to the micrometer size pores in plants since nanoparticles have a greater possibility of fitting through micropores, then this allows an accumulation in the xylem structure, eventually blocking the continuity and disturbing or destroying the function of the xylem (Seeger EM 2009). The willow tree study presented that before the nanoparticles get through the xylem pores, there is some sedimentation then blocking the passage through the micropores (Seeger EM 2009). Consequently, more studies are required this TiO2 is in contact with humans through the sunscreen, acc ording to a british study done in 1997; contribute to the formation of free radicals in skin cells and in this way damage DNA. This can result in mutations further leading to modifications of the structure and function of proteins (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Combustion Derived Nanoparticles CDNP: Nanoparticles area a threat when inhaled, because of the large surface area they are linked to health effects and respiratory toxicity h. These combustion-derived nanoparticles are thought to be the most potent component of the air pollution cocktail (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Bregoli L et al. 2009), (Elliott KC. 2007). Their toxicology is used to predict the health outcomes in humans following exposure to manufactured nanoparticles, there is necessary to understand the toxicity to reduce occupational and environmental exposure (Bà ©ruBà © K et al. 2007). These emissions are considered to be carbon based aerosols nanoparticles as a result of incomplete combustion, as well as lead compounds. Because of these cars are equipped with catalysts, a couple of years ago platinum nanoparticles, with dimensions in the range 0.8-10 nm, are released from car catalysts during their life-time. Then newer catalysts were introduced by pioneering company M azda. Not long ago is found that additions to fuel of Aluminium or Aluminium Trioxide nanoparticles, aids to the fuel properties (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The detrimental health effects of inhaling fine aerosols were recognised as early as the 4th century BC (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Since this being acknowledge various attempts to minimize exposure have been done. These particle size of aerosols are known to influence the deposition region in the lungs and translocation potential to the organs, e.g. the inhalable fraction (which can enter the respiratory tract), the thoracic fraction (capable of penetration to the airways below the larynx, smaller than 10 lm) and the respirable fraction (particles smaller than 4 lm) penetratingbeyond the ciliated airways to the gas exchange region of the lung (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Regular particles affect upper respiratory tract, fine particles affect lower respiratory tract, and ultrafine particles or nanoparticles affect distal respiratory tract. The nanoparticles get stuck to the alveoli and cause problems. †Current and historical epidemiological and toxicological investigations with airborne nanoparticles are viewed as the pioneering nanoparticle for the expansion nanotoxicology, the major portal of entry into the human body for nanoparticles is via inhalation into the respiratory system† (Bà ©ruBà © K, et al 2007). Nanoparticles come in contact with the skin, then transported to the lymph nodes, then most are excreted via feces. Other ways for these tiny particles to get in are by blood circulation then these end up in the liver, and from there are distributed throughout every organ in the living organisms (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Li C et al. 2009) . The skin is the great barrier against the nanoparticles for the new medicine the only way the particles enter the body effectively is through injection, for rapid release. The nanomaterials develop for medicinal purposes have been under development for many years. Nanomaterials are a major trend in medicine, these help deliver medications in a specific target, this is known as Nanomedicine (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Balbus J et al. 2007). Some of the nanomedicines have a combination of properties for example a useful combination of lipophilicity and hydrophilicity so that they have some solubility in an aqueous environment, but are sufficiently hydrophobic to partition through membranes. These properties mean that they distribute all over the body fairly rapidly via the circulation and by diffusion through tissues and cells (Garnett M, and Kallinteri P. 2006) , (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Nanomedicines must be well tested before they enter in the hands of consumers. These enter the environment and have ecotoxicological effects therefore a new subsection of Nanoscience have emerged Nanotoxicology. The study of the impact of toxic nanoparticles, or simply Nanotoxicity. This is more complicated than expected, therefore there is a great need for further investigation for fundamental research and practical applications of nanomaterials. Therefore, further supportive and extensive researches are warranted; the study of the interactions of nanostructures with biological systems with an emphasis on elucidating the relationship between the physical and chemical properties (e.g. size, shape, surface chemistry, composition, and aggregation) of nanostructures with induction of toxic biological responses (Moreira S et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Hardman R. 2006). Nanotoxicological research is in its infancy and the implementation of test standards and commercialisation of appropriate safety control systems can take several years (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009) . The future understanding of the toxicity of nanomaterials depend on technological innovations and scientific results stemming from enhanced research and discovery in nanotechnologies, and conventional knowledge about exposure assessment, fate and transport, and current computer models is not necessarily applicable to nanoparticles(Balbus J et al. 2007), (Elliott KC. 2007), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The improved study methods for rapid testing and efficient nanotoxicity assessments. Because there is a need to study the potential of nanoparticles to carry toxic chemicals that are man made or those found in the environment. For example fullerenes or nanoCarbon60 is a major threat to marine or aqu atic ecosystems, these particles are insoluble in water (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . This C60 is mixed with Tetrahydrofuran that is use as a vehicle solvent. The combination generates a yellowish adjacent C60. This is the main reason why there is potential that toxicity result from the presence of THF in between the adjacent nanoC60 and THF degradation products (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). There is a need for more research other than the traditional invitro using tissue samples but the actual use of in vivo organisms to study the life cycle of nanoparticles. The In vitro toxicity assessment faster, cheap, and minimum ethical concers. In another hand, in vivo life cycle is accurate in assessing nanotoxicity. This life cycle study is base in the different characterizations of the nanoparticles, and relation with the environment where exposed (Fisher HC, and Chang WC 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009). The nanoparticles have an important role in driving cellular responses related to oxidative stress, so extracellular levels should also be considered (Elliott KC. 2007), (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Therefore, new studies permit the mapping the effect of the toxicity of nanostructure, allowing for the development of predictive models of nanostructure toxicity. However, because of ethical regulations the transition animal to humans still far, as a result of ethical laws and regulations regarding human testing, if allowed nanotoxicology could greatly improve the degree of confidence on the safety of nanomaterials for diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies in humans (Bregoli L et al. 2009) . Further studies lead to required information so responsible regulatory decisions could be made. Despite this increase in the prevalence of engineered nanomaterials, the field of nanotoxicology has formed in response to this lack of information to be applied when conducting research studies (Bregoli L et al. 2009), (Fisher HC, and Chang WC 2007), (Marquis B et al. 2009). Nanotoxicology is dependent of analytical methods for future classifications of nanomaterials as well as their effects on in vitro and in vivo studies (Marquis B et al. 2009). Moreover, there is currently a small amount of investigation dealing with the impact of toxicity of nanoparticles. There is a future focus on nanoparticles toxicity in the molecular level leading to cellul ar oxidative stress. The technology boom raises an important question: what is being done to address the environmental risks associated with nanotechnology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Garnett M, and Kallinteri P. 2006). So Nanotoxicologists could build a program to promote a safe and profitable nanotechnology (Elliott KC. 2007). The promotion of safe nanotoxicology started by a specific sub classification of nanoparticles, for example Quatum Dots. These are sub classified by inherent physical, and chemical properties, and environmental impact; the particle size, functional groups, and oxidative properties to establish the toxicity (Hardman R. 2006). The safe nanotechnology is achieve by following the main causes of nanoparticle toxicity (1) Due to chemical toxicity of materials from which they have been made. (2) Due to their small size: nanoparticles may stick to cellular membranes and enter the cells. (3) Due to their shape: e.g. carbon nanotubes can easily pierce cell membrane (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). According to Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. in 2007, acknowledge that by June 2005 the International Standard Organization launched a Nanotechnology Committee, that focus in the standardization of the nanotechnologies. In the past there were early warnings against the effects of manufactured nanoparticles from commercial products and new-generation-waste. Therefore new studies are necessary for the recognition of biological effects of nanoparticles in the environment, and creation of the bases of nanobiomonitoring (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This nanomonitoring must be started before the Nanowaste accumulation that will be present in the near future and reduce ecotoxicological problems. There is a high demand for the appropriated risk assessment, this affecting global organizations in order to protect both their staff, clients, and customers. However, a cross disciplinary communication is required, this in the collaboration of researchers from different disciplines. For example communication between physical chemists that have knowledge in classification of materials, biologist with knowledge of the ecosystems and biological systems, and toxicologist to merge both skills to study the toxicity of these nanomaterials (Balbus J et al. 2007), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). For example analytical chemists in nanotoxicology, help in the classifications of future nanomaterials and particles. Some of their techniques are electron microscopy, this helps to study the accumulation of bioparticles(Marquis B et al. 2009).Then nanotoxicologist benefit from the intergration of both physical and biological sciences. The toxicologists discover that analytical chemists can develop assays that are both sensitive and selective for any species or cell function affected by nanoparticles(Wittmaack K. 2007). There are many scientific disciplines working together to study nanoparticles and their toxicology. Efforts have been internationally for a better assessment with two main groups International Council on Nanotechnology, and the International Organization for Standardization (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). Therefore there is a high demand for research, on the effects of nanoparticles. Since 1990, there is a high implementation of nanotechnologies (Piotrowska G et al. 2009) . The uses of nanotechnology products, these are used in electronics and cosmetics. As an comparative measurement, to consider is that in two grams of 100 nm nanoparticles contains enough to give every human a generous amount of these particles (Hardman R. 2006). There is a beneficial aspect by working with nanoscale technologies, expected to have heavy impact in diverse industries and areas of society like medicine, plastic, energy, electronics, aerospace, and emerging fields. According to Piotrowska G et al. 2009, there is a law imposed by Roy Amara the president of the Institute for the Future, â€Å"Nanoparticles benefits might be overestimated in the short run, and their effects in the long run such as the accumulation of nanowaste might be underestimated. The short term effects are the benefits of the new technology, nanomaterials, and usages of Nanoparticles, no nanowaste present. The long term effects are those that prove to be detrimental to the environment and increase the nanomaterials toxicity. For example time of nanotechnology usage increase Nanowaste increases toxicity. The interactions between nanoparticles and the environmental leads to harmful exposures for the affected ecosystem and living organisms (Balbus J et al. 2007) . As a result of increase in nanowaste. According to the Amara Law, this materials will be around and living organisms exposure is ensure and likely to increase over time (Hardman R. 2006). We must study the physicochem ical properties the research should focus on in vivo systems. Nanoconstructs interactions are important to take in consideration for future studies, there is the interactions of biological components such as proteins and cells organelles; that will give clues for the study of the nanocompounds biodistribution. This is important to understand because is the merge between the nanoparticles and the environment to then give specific laws (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . There is still a small amount of data regarding the handeling of discarded nanomaterials. Since there is a high demand for research, there is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) which launched an initiative to test human health and environmental safety of those nanomaterials that are already in use and the nanomaterials that may be developed in the forthcoming years. Consequently the greater amount of research the better risk assessment, therefore is beneficial to study nanoparticles potential impacts on environmental health and safety (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). There is potential risk on environmental, health, and safety; with these new technology applied in commercialized products. As an example, in the usage of a glass and bathroom sealant spray Magic Nano, led to hospitalization of an aerosol industry (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007) . There is a high demand for nanotechnological research, these companies should focus in the appropriate toxicology and ecotoxicology for all nanoenabled products. The ecotoxicological hazard is that the nanoparticled accumulate in the soil, air, and surface water. There they last for a long time to be taken up by biological organisms, because they undergo biodegradation or bioaccumulate in the food chain (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency there are nanoparticles contained in cosmetics, such as sunscreens can contaminate water and soil, contributing to their bioaccumulation in the food chain (Friedrichs S, and Sch ulte J. 2007),, (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Elliott KC. 2007). In addition, this agency works closely with the Toxic Substances Control Act to study the toxicity of nanomaterials. The effects of carbon nanotubes are detrimental to humans and other living things, greater than any other nanoparticle (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007). Carbon Nanotubes cause necrosis, degeneration, and apoptosis in the animal and plant cells. These nanoparticles are less biodegradable, and they have a lipophilic property making them easy to cross the cell membrane. Such properties may be associated with a tendency of carbon nanotubes to bioaccumulate (Piotrowska G et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). . Legal regulations are highly important issues, regarding nanowastes need to be regulated, following the life cycle of the remnants of the nanomaterials. This approach takes the stages of nanomaterials from production, through use, to disposal, which should avoid making the nanowaste problem a legacy of nanotechnology (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). This is an improvement after half a decade after the introduction of nanoparticles in manufacturing industries, known as the Life Cycle Assessment. Therefore, the companies working with nanotechnologies should keep up-to-date with information about the toxicological studies relevant to their area of RD. (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Currently many international institutions are collecting results regarding nanomaterials. Since all this collection of results proves beneficial since these toxicological and ecotoxicological studies on nanomaterials effect to the environment and health are expensive and have a gr eat deal of length. This iniciative is known as ICON International Council of Nanotechnology. The University of California, has provided some surveys and research, to this international collection of nanomaterials research, this includes the Safety of Nano-Materials Interdisciplinary Research Centre, which conducts toxicological and epidemiological studies (Friedrichs S, and Schulte J. 2007).There is plenty room for further reaseach. Conclusion and Recommendations Nanotechnology an emerging science, from anthropogenic and natural sources for example ash from volcanoes. Other natural occurring nanoparticles biogenic magnetite, from bacteria to protozoa to animals; this associated with neurodegenerative diseases. As nanomaterials are used for manufacture industries, there is a need for accurate, and responsible nanotoxicological evaluation. Resources and funding for the study should be from government and pioneering industries. The studies will further help to sort and create regulations for risk evaluations, this information should be influenced from previous research studies (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005), (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). The research on nanotechnology products is necessary to study adverse effects of the engineer nanomaterials to living organisms and the environment. Nanotoxicology is a challenge for research because of different exposure conditions, and biodistribution. This is the movements of materials th rough tissue, and organisms. As of now, there should be more rules for standardized testing for the assessment of toxicity of the nanomaterials. According to National Toxicology program of 2005 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of 2003, these have harmful side effects that affect different biological systems and they have a novel properties and risk of exposures is inevitable becoming a concern for humans and the environment (Hardman R. 2006) , (Marquis B et al. 2009), (Oberdoerster G et al. 2005). A major recommendation, other than more funding and advance research in ecotoxicology and nanotoxicology, is the recycling of nanowaste. This recycling proves beneficial in the reduction of nanowaste independently of the time increase and nanowaste increase direct relationship. This recycling needs segregation of used nanoproducts, making them available for future use, in new products. These products if not possible to be recycled bioutilization is need to be used. For example, some species of plants and fungi are hyperaccumulators of heavy metals. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals, radionuclides and other xenobiotics by plants, fungi and microorganisms (e.g. fitoand mycoextraction or biodegradation) is a convenient way of remediation of polluted soils, water and air (Piotrowska G et al. 2009). Finally, the emerging development of nanotechnology needs a better reaserch and knowledge in how to bioutilise or recycle the nanowaste.

Ion Channels Affected by LSD :: Hallucinogens Drugs Essays

Ion Channels Affected by LSD Research with LSD has been very limited by two major factors: lack of human subjects and laws against it as a controlled substance. These deterrents have caused a big hole in what can be discovered about this hallucinogen at the ion channels it affects and in turn those effects on inhibitory and excitatory potentials of the cell. It was difficult to obtain clear explanations about exactly what was going on at the neuron level. Later it was discovered that most experiments were carried out on rodents. This may not sound like it is such a bad thing because human subjects were not being put in positions where their health could be affected by the drug, but in fact there is a slight difference in rodent and human brains. LSD affects a serotonergic receptor type 2A (5- HT2A), which is different in rats to humans in its structure and activity, and behavior "may not strictly parallel those in humans" (Nichols, 2004). This could cause researches to get different results in what they would see in experimental rats and to what may actually be happening in humans. Another deterrent that has somewhat slowed down the process of understanding LSD at the neuron level is the law. LSD is scheduled as a controlled substance; Schedule I, to be exact, which means that it is illegal to posses, sell, or buy without a DEA license. You can imagine what would happen if a researcher was caught with a substantial amount of LSD, and possibly the difficulty in obtaining a license that will allow someone to posses a powerful illegal substance. These things are exactly what will repel researchers from using such a substance. The only almost certain aspect of LSD is that it has a similar chemical composition as serotonin (5-HT) and will especially act on 5-HT2 receptors. However, LSD is the only known hallucinogen to bind to dopamine receptors. It will activate postsynaptic dopamine receptors if the dose is high enough to do so. LSD also binds to alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors that are involved sympathetic nervous system control of smooth muscles. It is also a competitive antagonist at histamine receptors and will produce inhibitory messages. LSD also acts mysteriously on the visual cortex. At low doses, LSD will stimulate the visual cortex and higher doses will inhibit this area. LSD research has flipped it from being an antagonist to an

Transition of the Bulgarian Economy: 1990-1997 :: Essays Papers

Transition of the Bulgarian Economy: 1990-1997 The immense political and economic changes in Central and Eastern Europe have created a variety of unique transition economies. Each country controlling its own development without fully understanding the implications of the monetary and fiscal macroeconomic policies it yields. Bulgaria in particular has had mixed results. A 1992 OECD Economic Assessment of Bulgaria described â€Å"shock therapeitic† reform programs that included the abolition of central planning, the liberalization of most prices, and opening more markets to foreign trade. While the survey concluded that â€Å"much has been achieved in extremely difficult circumstances,† by 1997, economic stability had not been realized. Since 1989, several governments have presided, the banking system has virtually collapsed, GDP has significantly declined along with the lev, inflation is rampant, and economic policies fail to generate confidence. However, Bulgaria’s economic performance is decidedly â€Å"middle of the road† when compared to other transitioning economies. Declines in output and average real income are much greater and unemployment and inflation much higher than the Visegrad group and Baltic Republics though often better than Ukraine, Belarus, and the Russian Republics. Many of Bulgaria’s current economic problems can be traced to economic conditions at the start of its transition. Heavy reliance on CMEA markets devastated the country , more so than any other country. Compared to GDP, over 60% of its imports and exports were orientated to the CMEA market. COMECON’s collapsed devastated Bulgaria, causing large initial declines in GDP and increases in unemployment. This event necessitated the complete restructuring of the modes of production. The complete upheaval of the Bulgarian economy forced a suspension of payments to foreign debts making it practically impossible to attract foreign/western investment to restructure the economy. Current economic instability is due to the lack of decisive economic policy from the seven successive governments following the fall of Todor Zhivkiv the former Communist Party leader in 1989. While each succeeding government has remained committed to economic transition, their policies have lacked cohesion over important controversies such as privatization, subsidies, co-operation with IFIs, and foreign investment. The result of the different policies have resulted in much change but little progress with measures dealing with â€Å"soft budget† enterprises and banks, privitisation of state assets, and attraction of foreign investment. Ripples from the discontinuity of Bulgarian economic policy are evident in the rapidly accumulating domestic debt, payment arrears, and the continual refinancing of inefficiently run commercial banks.

Factors That Affects the Behavior of Students

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING INTRODUCTION This research paper is all about the factors that affect the behavior of high school students in dealing with other people. The researcher chose this kind of problem to be aware of the distinctive behavior of her fellow schoolmates, classmates, batch mates, etc. The researcher conducted this study to know the effective implications for the behaviors. Behaviorism,  a  movement  in  psychology that advocates the use of strict experimental procedures to study observable behavior n relation to the environment.The behavioristic view of psychology has its roots in the writings of the British associationist philosophers as well as in the American functionalist school of psychology and the Darwinian theory of evolution, both of which emphasize the way that individuals adapt and adjust to the environment. These problems disrupt relations with peers and adults and interfere with schooling. Children  and  adolescents who have behavi or disorders typically experience problems that are markedly different from the behavior of students of similar age and cultural background.Students  with  behavior disorders may exhibit any of a wide variety of problems. Behavior  disorders  result from many causes, including biological, familial, and environmental factors. Treatment  of  emotional or behavioral disorders has provoked controversy. Statement of the Problem This study probed on investigate the factors that affect the behavior of high school students in dealing with other people in Maryhill College as perceived by the selected third year students during the school year 2012-2013.Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions: 1. Which factor affects the behavior of teenagers most? 2. What are the ways of interacting with other people by the students with behavioral disorders? 3. What are the implications that may prevent this behavior to become worst? 4. What are the effects of being b ullied on the teenager’s behavior? Significance of the Study The study about factors that affect the behavior of high school students in dealing with other people is considered important for the students, teachers, parents, and administrators.In this study, we will be able to discover distinct reasons or causes of the unusual behavior of a student. If we will be able to discover the causes of this behavior or some possible treatments and implications, we can prevent it from being worse. This study will benefit the parents by knowing the proper way of parenting and raising their children with this kind of problem behavior and the teachers by being aware on how to properly educate their students who have been dealing with this kind of problem behavior. This study will also benefit the researcher and the subject teacher in the fund of knowledge.Scope and Delimitation This investigation is conducted to determine the factors that affect the behavior of high school students in deal ing with other people. The respondents will be from the selected high school students of Maryhill Collge. It may also be from other fields if needed. This study will be conducted for the school year 2012-2013. Definition of Terms Behaviorism-a movement in psychology that advocates the use of strict experiment procedures to study observable behavior in relation to the environment.Behavior-the way in which a person, organism, or group responds to a specific set of conditions Radical Behaviorism -basic behaviorism Peers-somebody who is the equal of somebody else in age or social class Nurture-people are influenced by genes Genes-the basic unit capable of transmitting characteristics from one generation to the next Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This Chapter will present studies and literature that will give light to the researcher’s problem and will help her arrive in the analysis and interpretation of the findings. Related LiteratureThe social behavior and attitudes of a child, even as he grows older and comes in contact with more and more people outside the home, are reflections of patterns prevalent in the child’s home. Habit is a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated acts for acting in a certain manner. Habits are acquiring inclinations towards something to be done. The word â€Å"habit-forming† that we use to refer to certain experiences shows how easy to overcome or alter. It acquires a strong willed person to correct a habit successfully within a limited period of time.Habits are acquired. Once acquired, they become very difficult to alter. They are therefore relatively permanent. Acquiring a habit is like starting a pathway across a lawn. Habits are not formed in an instant. They result from constantly repeated actions. After they are formed, they do not vanish instantly. It would acquire a tremendous effort to change a habit. Once family background characteristics were controlled, classroom effects such as children's overall behavior were analyzed, as were cross-level interactions between classroom and family effects.The results revealed that good behavior in the classroom and adequacy of classroom supplies were the most consistent predictors of improvement in children's self-control and behavior. Furthermore, cross-level interactions suggested that good behavior in the classroom and supplies can boost resiliency by allowing children to overcome certain deficits at home. Implications for further research and educational policy are discussed. These two forms of behavior are related to quarreling. This may consist of calling others nicknames that arouse their anger or putting emphasis on their physical or mental weaknesses.In bullying, the attacker attempts to inflict physical pain on others because of the pleasure he derives from watching their discomfort and their attempts to retaliate. Older children usually engage in these two forms of behavior. Peer pressure is asso ciated in adolescents of all ethnic and racial backgrounds with at-risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking, truancy, drug use, sexual activity, fighting, shoplifting, and daredevil stunts. Again, peer group values and attitudes influence more strongly than do family values the level of teenage alcohol use.The more accepting peers are of risky behavior, and the more they participate in that behavior, the more likely a person is to do the same thing. Culture and lifestyle strongly affect behavior for the outstandingly obvious reason that they are behavior. One's lifestyle is a collection of behaviors and habits that one perpetuates. One's culture is the setting in which one enacts those behaviors and habits which make up one's lifestyle and, due to the nature of setting, culture will, of necessity, affect one's lifestyle and, by connection, behavior.All children engage in bad behavior every now and then but some children exhibit highly challenging behavior that are consistently inapp ropriate for their age. Often those children do not simply exhibit a behavioral problem, but have an underlying behavior disorder. While there are many behavioral disorders that may e diagnosed in children, three of the most common include Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD) & Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Social Development means the attaining of maturity in the social relationships.It is the process of learning to conform to group standards, mores and traditions and becoming imbued with a sense of oneness, intercommunications, and cooperation. It was applied to a grouping within the social sciences generally understood to encompass anthropology, sociology, and psychology, except for certain nonbehavioral or nonscientific aspects of other social and biological sciences, such as biology, economics, history, geography, law, psychiatry and political science. The aim of behavioral science is to establish generalizations about human behavior tha t can be supported by empirical evidence.The study of group behavior has a long tradition among social scientists in various disciplines; it does not confine itself to any one of the recognized social sciences alone. The management field has been among those very interested in studying group behavior, particularly in the Philippines where people even in the work setting have displayed strong groupy tendencies as shown in their practices of â€Å"tayo-tayo†(we syndrome), smooth interpersonal relationships and â€Å"pagsasamahan†(togetherness). Distinction is made between human acts and acts of man. The human acts are those actions which man performs knowingly, freely and voluntarily.These actions are the result of conscious knowledge and are subject to the control of the will. We will refer to those action as deliberate, intentional, or voluntarily. The acts of man are those actions which happen in man. They are instinctive and are not within the control of the will. Su ch actions are the biological and physiological movements in man such as, metabolism, respiration, fear, anger, love & jealousy. Human behavior consists of any act of an individual person that reflects his thoughts feeling, emotions, and sentiments and in general, his state or condition.These may be conscious or unconscious activities that are predicted on his needs, values, motivations and aspirations. The art of human behavior is an old as the relationship between and among individuals and groups. Behavior modification is based on the premise that behavior is controlled by the nature of its consequences. The likehood that behaviors will be repeated increases when it is accompanied by favorable consequences. Absence of any significant consequences leads to instinction of behavior.Thus, in order to obtain the desired behaviors over the long term, these must be accompanied. Related Studies According to Watson’s theory, all complex forms of behavior – emotions, habits, a nd such – are seen as composed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured. He claimed that emotional reactions are learned in much the same way as other skills. Based on Skinner’s theory, known as radical behaviorism, is similar to Watson’s view that psychology is the study of observable behavior of individuals interacting with their environment.Skinner, however, disagrees with Watson’s position that inner processes, such as feelings, should be excluded from the study. He maintains that these inner processes should be studied by the usual scientific methods, with particular emphasis on controlled experiments using individual animals and humans. His research with animals focusing on the kind of learning – known as operant conditioning – that occurs as a consequence of stimuli, demonstrates that complex behavior such as language and problem solving can be studied scientifically.He postulated a type of psycholog ical conditioning known as reinforcement. According to Dr. Leticia Penano-Ho, â€Å"The Bullies have a strong need to dominate; impulsive and easily angered; defiant and aggressive toward adults; prefer TV shows, music, music and reading materials with violent themes; may be involved in gangs or anti-social group on the fringe of peer acceptance; have had negative parenting and have failed to bond with their caregivers leading to feeling of alienation; have little or no supervision and often victims of abuse in home.The Bullied are cautious, sensitive, quiet, withdrawn, and shy, anxious, insecure, unhappy and have low self esteem; are depressed and engage in suicidal ideation; do not have a single good friend and can relate better to adults than to peers; and very often have real or perceived disabilities. Chapter III METHODOLOGY Research Design The research study used the descriptive method of research. This was said to be descriptive because it described the factors that affects the behavior of the teenagers. Through the kind of method, the researcher would be able to describe the factors that affect the behavior of teenager. Sources of DataThe respondents of this research were the 10 selected high school students of Maryhill College Lucena City. The said respondents were chosen because they were the one who experienced the changes that were happening around them that usually affect their behavior. Instrumentation The researcher used the questionnaire as the source of information for the study. Though the questionnaire, the researcher would be able to determine the factor that affects the behavior of teenagers at the recent time. The questionnaires were distributed to after it was explained to them that the said questionnaire would be retrieved after two days.Data Gathering Procedure The researcher gathered data through the use of the questionnaire. These questionnaires were distributed to the 40 selected high school students of Maryhill College. And aside from the questionnaire, book and internet website were also used by the researcher as a supplementary for this research study. Through this questionnaire and the reference used, the researcher was able to determine the problem which is the factors that affects the behavior of the teenagers. This research study would also serve as a reference for those people who are curious about the factors that affect the behavior of an individual.Data Analysis Plan To ensure systematic and objective presentation, analysis, and interpretation of research data, the following statistical tools and techniques will be applied: frequency count, percentage and weighted mean. Frequency Count and Percentage. These descriptive measures will be used in presenting the profile of the respondents. Percentage will be computed by the following formula: P=FN100 Where: P=percentage F=frequency N=total number of cases Weighted Mean. This descriptive measure will be employed in determining the responses of the respo ndents. The formula to be applied is: WM=sumofWFNWhere: WM=weighted mean W=weight of a response F=frequency of a response N=total number of cases Chapter 4 ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Gender of the respondents Age of the respondents Figure 1 Parent's Status of the Respondents Figure 1 shows that 28 or 70% have answered together as their parent's status, 6 or 15% have answered that their parents is an Overseas Filipino Worker, 3 or 7. 5% answered that their parents were separated. Figure 2 Figure 2 shows that 33 or 82. 5% of the respondents answered that they are not a bully while 7 or 17. 5% of the respondents answered that they are a bully.Figure 3 Figure 3 shows that 22 or 55% of the respondents are experiencing being bullied while 18 or 45% answered that they haven't experienced being bullied. Figure 4 Problem Behavior occur in when needed to perform a task Figure 4 shows that 33 or 82. 5% of them answered that the problem behavior only occur sometimes when needed to perform a task, 4 or 10% of the 40 respondents answered never, and 3 or 7. 5% answered always. Figure 5 Do their friends leave them alone? Figure 5 shows that 23 or 57. 5% of the respondents answered never in the question of â€Å"Do their friends leave them alone? 12 or 30% answered sometimes while 5 or 12. 5% answered always. Figure 6 Do their classmates verbally respond or laugh at them? Figure 6 shows that 21 or 52. 5% of the 40 respondents answered sometimes in a given question: â€Å"do their classmates verbally respond or laugh at them? â€Å", 14 or 35% answered never, and 5 or 12. 5% answered always. Figure 7 Problem behavior more likely occur following a conflict outside the classroom. Figure 7 shows that 27 or 67. 5% answered that the problem behavior occur in a conflict outside the classroom only sometimes, 8 or 20% answered never, 5 or 12. % answered always. Figure 8 Problem behavior occur to get others attention? Figure 8 shows that 20 or 50% answered som etimes, 18 or 45% answered never, and 2 or 5% answered always in the question that their problem behavior occur to get others attention. Figure 9 Problem behavior occurs in the presence of specific peers. Figure 9 shows how often the problem behavior occurs in the presence of specific peers. 26 or 65% answered sometimes, 10 or 25% answered never, and 4 or 10% answered always. Figure 10 Problem behavior stops when peers stop interacting with the student.Figure 10 shows how often the problem behavior stops when peers stop interacting with the student. 27 or 67. 5% answered sometimes, 11 or 27. 5% answered never, and 2 or 5% answered always. Figure 11 Problem behavior occurs during specific academic activities. Figure 11 shows how often the problem behavior occurs during specific academic activities. Of the 40 respondents, 22 or 55. 5% answered sometimes, 13 or 32. 5% answered never, and 12. 5% answered always. Figure 12 Factors that affects the behavior| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Over-all Rankin g| | F %| F %| F %| F %| F %| | School Influences| 5 12. | 7 17. 5| 10 25| 14 35| 4 10| 4| Community| 2 5| 6 15 | 4 10| 12 30| 16 40| 5| Peers| 16 40| 10 25| 5 12. 5| 5 12. 5| 4 10| 1| Family| 9 22. 5| 14 35| 7 17. 5| 4 10| 6 15| 2| Attitude| 7 17. 5| 7 17. 5| 14 30| 5 12. 5| 7 17. 5| 3| Figure 12 shows that 16 or 40% of the respondents answered peers as the number 1 in the factors the affects the behavior most, second is the family, third is the attitude, fourth is the school influences, and lastly, community influences. Chapter 5SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter deals with the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. The data gathered were summarized and presented in this chapter. Summary This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the factors that affects the behavior of the high school students in Maryhill College. The descriptive method of research was utilized and the normative survey technique was used for gathering data . The questionnaire served as the instrument for collecting data. Selected high school students were the respondents. The inquiry was conducted during the school year 2012-2013. 1.Which factor affects the behavior of teenagers most? 2. How do the students with behavioral disorders interact with other people? 3. What are the implications that may prevent this behavior to become worst? 4. Does being bullied affects the behavior of the teenager? Findings After gathering the data and applying the necessary methods and statistical treatment, the following findings were revealed: 1. Based on the findings, among the five factors, peers ranks number 1, second is the family, third is the attitude, fourth is the school influences, and lastly, community influences. 2. They interact with other people in their own distinct ways.Some interacts just like anybody and some interacts just to get somebody's attention. 3. Based on the findings, most of the teenagers are very much affected with their pe ers. Thus, the disciplinarian, the parents, or the student itself must help themselves by preventing this problem behavior and to be motivated to become a better person. 4. Yes. Being bullied affects the behavior teenager. Being tolerated, facing in different criticisms, negative vibes, and being bullied affect the behavior of the teenagers a lot because most of them are losing their self-esteem and confidence. Thus, the teenager is affected by this.Conclusions The researcher concluded that: 1. Peers affect the behavior of teenagers most. 2. The teenager who has this problem behavior interacts with other people defiantly. 3. Proper parenthood is the best implementations to prevent this behavior to become worst. 4. Being bullied by a bully affects the behavior of the teenager a lot. Recommendations The researcher would like to recommend the following: To the parents 1. Proper parenthood is advised. 2. Parent-children communication is a must. To the teachers, 1. Have the proper way of educating students by trying to understand its deficiency.To the students, 1. Be aware of your peers. They may affect your behavior. 2. Don’t let anybody to let you down. 3. Build your own confidence. BIBLIOGRAPHY Book Custodia A. Sanchez, Paz F. Abad, and Loreto U. Jao, General Psychology Fourth Edition. (Manila:Rex Bookstore, Inc. , 2002)p. 33 RufinaSiruno and Edgardo Siruno. Child Growth and Development. (Manila: Rex Book Store, 1988),p. 94 Ramon Agapay, Ethnics and the Filipino (Mandaluyong, Manila: National Book Store, Inc. ,1991) p. 25-26 Rufina Siruno and Edgardo Siruno. Child Growth and Development. (Manila: Rex Book Store, 1988),p. 4 Encyclopedia Americana, (USA: Grolier Incorporated) vol. 25, p. 131 Conception RodilMartines and Galileo Fule, Management of Human Behavior in Organizations. (Diliman Quezon City: National Book Store, 1993), p. 67 Ramon B. Agapay, Ethics and the Filipino (Mandaluyong Manila: National Book Store, Inc. , 1991) p. 11 Conception R. Martines , Management of Human Behavior in Organizations. (Diliman Quezon City: National Book Store, 1993), p. 17 Electronic Devices Bijou, Sidney W. â€Å"Behaviorism. â€Å"Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. Lloyd, John Wills. Education of Students with Behavior Disorders. â€Å"Microsoft Encarta ® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. http://www. eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini. jsp? _nfpb=tr Personal author, compiler, or editor name(s); click on any author to run a new search on that name. Thomson Gale. World of Health. http://www. bookrags. com/research/peer-pressure-woh/. 2005 Lyman Stone. How much does culture and lifestyle affect behavior?. http://www. helium. com/items/493732-how-much-does-culture-and-lifestyle-affect-behavior, 2002-2009 http://www. kidsdevelopment. co. k/BehaviouralDisordersChildren. html,2000-2009 Leticia Penano-Ho, â€Å"The Bully and the Bullied†, Manila Bulletin, 17 March 2008. APPENDICES APPENDIX A Letter of Transmittal for Gathering Data Maryhill College Basic Education Department Lucena City SY 2012-2013 March 8, 2013 Dear Respondents, The undersigned is conducting a study on â€Å"Factors Affecting the Behavior of Students in Dealing with Other People†. I have constructed questionnaire to gather information that will help to answer the problems. You have to answer truthfully the given questions so that I will have reliable data to prove my research.Your anonymity and the information you will give will be treated with confidentiality. Thank you very much for kind response to my request. Sincerely yours, Christian KING Z. Dimaculangan Researcher APPENDIX B Questionnaire GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Please accomplish this questionnaire very carefully and honestly. Please rest assured that any information that you supply will be treated with the greatest confidentiality. AGE____ GENDER ____ DIRECTIONS: Please check the best answer. 1) Parent’s Status ___ Together ___ Separated ___ OFW father or mother ___ Both OFW ___ Others please specify ) Do you have friends? ___ Yes ___ None 3) Are you a Bully? ___ Yes ___ No 4) Have you experienced being bullied? ___ Yes ___ No DIRECTIONS: Keep in mind a typical episode of the problem behavior, check the best answer. 1) Does your problem in behavior occur and persist when it is needed to perform a task? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 2) During a conflict with peers or if you are engaged in the problem behavior do your friends leave you alone? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 3) When the problem in behavior occurs, do your classmates verbally respond or laugh at you? ___ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 4) Is your problem in behavior more likely to occur following a conflict outside the classroom? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 5) Does your problem in behavior occur to get others attention? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 6) Does your proble m in behavior occur in the presence of specific peers? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 7) Does the problem in behavior stop when peers stop interacting with the student? ____ Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never 8) Does your problem in behavior occur during specific academic activities? ____ Always ___ Sometimes ____ Never Rate the following factors from 1-5 that affect your behavior most. Write the number at left side of the word. And use 1 as the factor that affect your behavior most and 5 as the factors which affects your behavior less _____School _____ Community influences _____ Peers _____ Family _____ Attitudes THANK YOU! APPENDIX C Talligram PARENT’S STATUS| Together| Separated| OFW| Others| | IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| III| IIIII-I| III| Total| 28| 3| 6| 3| ARE YOU A BULLY? | Yes| No| | IIIII-II| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| Total| 7| 33| EXPERIENCED BEING BULLIED? Yes| No| | IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| Total| 22| 18| Probl em Behavior occur in when needed to perform a task| Always| Sometimes| Never| | III| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| IIII| Total| 3| 33| 4| Do their friends leave them alone? | Always| Sometimes| Never| | IIIII-| IIIII-IIIII-II| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| Total| 5| 12| 23| Do their classmates verbally respond or laugh at them? | Always| Sometimes| Never| | IIIII-| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-I| IIIII-IIIII-IIII| Total| 5| 21| 14| Problem behavior more likely occur following a conflict outside the classroom? Always| Sometimes| Never| | IIIII-| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II| IIIII-III| Total| 5| 27| 8| Problem behavior occur to get others attention? | Always| Sometimes| Never| | II| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-III| Total| 2| 20| 18| Problem behavior occurs in the presence of specific peers. | Always| Sometimes| Never| | IIII| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-I| IIIII-IIIII-| Total| 4| 26| 10| Problem behavior stops when peers stop interacting with the student. | Always| Sometimes| Never| | II| IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-IIIII-II| IIIII-IIIII-I| Total| 2| 27| 11|Problem behavior occurs during specific academic activities. | Always| Sometimes| Never| | IIIII-| IIIII-IIIII- IIIII-IIIII-II| IIIII-IIIII-III| Total| 5| 22| 13| Factors that affects the behavior| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Over-all Ranking| School Influences| IIIII-| IIIII-II| IIIII- IIIII-| IIIII- IIIII- IIII| IIII| 4| | 5| 7| 10| 14| 4| | Community| II| IIIII-I| IIII| IIIII- IIIII-II| IIIII- IIIII- IIIII-I| 5| | 2| 6| 4| 12| 16| | Peers| IIIII- IIIII- IIIII-I| IIIII- IIIII-| IIIII-| IIIII-| IIII| 1| | 16| 10| 5| 5| 4| | Family| IIIII- IIII| IIIII- IIIII- IIII| IIIII-II| IIII| IIIII-I| 2| | 9| 14| 7| 4| 6| |Attitude| IIIII-II| IIIII-II| IIIII- IIIII- IIII| IIIII-| IIIII-II| 3| | 7| 7| 14| 5| 7| | CURICULUM VITAE Name: Christian King Z. Dimaculangan Nickname: King Birth date: November 17, 1997 Age: 15 years old Birthplace: Lucena City Address: #10 Bolovia St. Better Living Subd. ,Isabang, Lucena City Contact Number: 0933-214-5217 Father:Dennis Dimaculangan Occupation: Store Manager Mother: ChonaDimaculangan Occupation: Medical Secretary Educational Background: St. Gerard Inc. (Preparatory) Maryhill College (Elementary-Present) [2004-Present] Organizations: Youth for Christ Habitat for Humanity