Juggling and Indian Jugglers

Indian Jugglers and the meaning of life I've just come across a superb essay entitled ‘The Indian Jugglers' from William Hazlitt's 19th century collection Table Talk (1828). Hazlitt starts the essay by describing his absolute astonishment upon watching Indian Jugglers perform in London's Olympic Theatre. Hazlitt was known for his wildly exaggerated style. However, his genuine amazement is clear: Coming forward and seating himself on the ground in his white dress and tightened turban, the chief of the Indian Jugglers begins with tossing up two brass balls, which is what any of us could do, and concludes with keeping up four at the same time, which is what none of us could do to save our lives, nor if we were to take our whole lives to do it in. Is it then a trifling power we see at work, or is it not something next to miraculous!It is the utmost stretch of human ingenuity, which nothing but the bending the faculties of body and mind to it from the tenderest infancy with incessan t, ever-anxious application up to manhood, can accomplish or make even a slight approach to. Man, thou art a wonderful animal, and thy ways past finding out! Thou canst do strange things, but thou turnest them to little account! – To conceive of this effort of extraordinary dexterity distracts the imagination and makes admiration breathless. † Hazlitt was clearly gobsmacked.He goes on to state next that â€Å"As to the swallowing of the sword, the police ought to interfere to prevent it. â€Å". But it was the juggling act that astounded Hazlitt to such an extent that he was left questioning his own worth: â€Å"The hearing a speech in Parliament, drawled or stammered out by the Honourable Member or the Noble Lord, the ringing the changes on their common-places, which any one could repeat after them as well as they, stirs me not a jot, shakes not my good opinion of myself: but the seeing the Indian Jugglers does. It makes me ashamed of myself.I ask what there is that I can do as well as this! Nothing. What have I been doing all my life! Have I been idle, or have I nothing to shew for all my labour and pains! † Hazlitt went on in his exasperating vain: â€Å"have I passed my time in pouring words like water into empty sieves, rolling a stone up a hill and then down again, trying to prove an argument in the teeth of facts, and looking for causes in the dark, and not finding them? Is there no one thing in which I can challenge competition, that I can bring as an instance of exact perfection, in which others cannot find a flaw?The utmost I can pretend to is to write a description of what this fellow can do. I can write a book: so can many others who have not even learned to spell. What abortions are these Essays! What errors, what ill-pieced transitions, what crooked reasons, what lame conclusions! How little is made out, and that little how ill! Yet they are the best I can do. I endeavour to recollect all I have ever observed or thought upo n a subject, and to express it as nearly as I can. Instead of writing on four subjects at a time, it is as much as I can manage to keep the thread of one discourse clear and unentangled.I have also time on my hands to correct my opinions, polish my periods: but the one I cannot, and the other I will not do. † A juggling act then left a great critic deeply critical of his own worth. The mere act of juggling four balls was all that was needed to ignite Hazlitt's needling sense of failure and lack of confidence. Most of us as writers, I think, occasionally or very often feel like Hazlitt. Hazlitt, unfortunately, died a poor outsider not long after this essay was published. No doubt the troupe of Indians he saw, presumably far away from home and very likely getting paid a pittance, amazed many in London and elsewhere.But Hazlitt, the enlightened post-1789er, saw something more. What he witnessed deeply affected him personally but is also suggestive of his general approach to criti cism. The skill of the juggling that night left him open-mouthed and his response has to be written down and shaped into words. Hazlitt saw something new and different and could describe the act with freshness and verve. He said of the juggling: â€Å"To catch four balls in succession in less than a second of time, and deliver them back so as to return with seeming consciousness to the hand gain, to make them revolve round him at certain intervals, like the planets in their spheres, to make them chase one another like sparkles of fire, or shoot up like flowers or meteors, to throw them behind his back and twine them round his neck like ribbons or like serpents, to do what appears an impossibility, and to do it with all the ease, the grace, the carelessness imaginable, to laugh at, to play with the glittering mockeries, to follow them with his eye as if he could fascinate them with its lambent fire, or as if he had only to see that they kept time with the music on the stage – there is something in all this which he who does not admire may be quite sure he never really admired any thing in the whole course of his life. â€Å"Hazlitt's own description of juggling illustrates his own talent and skills, sadly only appreciated in full after his death in 1830. Hazlitt appeared to make criticism as art appear easy and effortless, whether critiquing the plays of Shakespeare, writing biographies or discovering his own astonishment about Indian jugglers. Hazlitt's reputation and own skill as a literary and social critic lived on long after his death, latterly prospering, in part because of this internalised child-like wonder and fascination alongside his undoubted ability to see and describe the world anew, not least when viewing jugglers from the East.

Retrenchment Strategies Type Essay

A retrenchment grand strategy is followed when an organization aims at a contraction of its activities through substantial reduction or the elimination of the scope of one or more of its businesses in terms of their respective customer groups, customer functions, or alternative technologies either singly or jointly in order to improve its overall performance. E.g: A corporate hospital decides to focus only on special treatment and realize higher revenues by reducing its commitment to general case which is less profitable. The growth of industries and markets are threatened by various external and internal developments (External developments – government policies, demand saturation, emergence of substitute products, or changing customer needs. Internal Developments – poor management, wrong strategies, poor quality of functional management and so on.) In these situations the industries and markets and consequently the companies face the danger of decline and will go for adopting retrenchment strategies. E.g: fountain pens, manual type writers, tele printers, steam engines, jute and jute products, slide rules, calculators and wooden toys are some products that have either disappeared or face decline. There are three types of retrenchment strategies – Turnaround Strategies, Divestment Strategies and Liquidation strategies. 1. Turnaround Strategies Turn around strategies derives their name from the action involved that is reversing a negative trend. There are certain conditions or indicators which point out that a turnaround is needed for an organization to survive. They are: Persistent Negative cash flows Negative Profits Declining market share Deterioration in Physical facilities Over manning, high turnover of employees, and low morale Uncompetitive products or services Mis management An organization which faces one or more of these issues is referred to as a ‘sick’ company. There are three ways in which turnarounds can be managed The existing chief executive and management team handles the entire turnaround strategy with the advisory support of a external consultant. In another case the existing team withdraws temporarily and an executive consultant or turnaround specialist is employed to do the job. The last method involves the replacement of the existing team specially the chief executive, or merging the sick organization with a healthy one. Before a turn around can be formulated for an Indian company, it has to be first declared as a sick company. The declaration is done on the basis of the Sick Industrial Companies Act (SICA), 1985, which provides for a quasi judicial body called the Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) which acts as the corporate doctor whenever companies fall sick. 2. Divestment Strategies A divestment strategy involves the sale or liquidation of a portion of business, or a major division. Profit centre or SBU. Divestment is usually a part of rehabilitation or restructuring plan and is adopted when a turnaround has been attempted but has proved to be unsuccessful. Harvesting strategies a variant of the divestment strategies, involve a process of gradually letting a company business wither away in a carefully controlled manner Reasons for Divestment The business that has been acquired proves to be a mismatch and cannot be integrated within the company. Similarly a project that proves to be in viable in the long term is divested Persistent negative cash flows from a particular business create financial problems for the whole company, creating a need for the divestment of that business. Severity of competition and the inability of a firm to cope with it may cause it to divest. Technological up gradation is required if the business is to survive but where it is not possible for the firm to invest in it. A preferable option would be to divest Divestment may be done because by selling off a part of a business the company may be in a position to survive A better alternative may be available for investment, causing a firm to divest a part of its unprofitable business. Divestment by one firm may be a part of merger plan executed with another firm, where mutual exchange of unprofitable divisions may take place. Lastly a firm may divest in order to attract the provisions of the MRTP Act or owing to oversize and the resultant inability to manage a large business. E.g: TATA group is a highly diversified entity with a range of businesses under its fold. They identified their non – core businesses for divestment. TOMCO was divested and sold to Hindustan Levers as soaps and a detergent was not considered a core business for the Tatas. Similarly, the pharmaceuticals companies of the Tatas- Merind and Tata pharma – were divested to Wockhardt. The cosmetics company Lakme was divested and sold to Hindustan Levers, as besides being a non core business, it was found to be a non- competitive and would have required substantial investment to be sustained. 3. Liquidation Strategies A retrenchment strategy which is considered the most extreme and unattractive is the liquidation strategy, which involves closing down a firm and selling its assets. It is considered as the last resort because it leads to serious consequences such as loss of employment for workers and other employees, termination of opportunities where a firm could pursue any future activities and the stigma of failure The psychological implications The prospects of liquidation create a bad impact on the company’s reputation. For many executives who are closely associated firms, liquidation may be a traumatic experience. Legal aspects of liquidation: Under the Companies Act 1956, liquidation is termed as winding up. The Act defines winding up of a company as the process whereby its life is ended and its property administered for the benefit of its creditors and members. The Act provides for a liquidator who takes control of the company, collect its assets, pay it debts, and finally distributes any surplus among the members according to their rights.

Employee Reward and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Employee Reward and Development - Essay Example al., 2004). With this concern, there are many approaches that are accessible in the field of human resource management such as coaching or mentoring, e-learning or blended learning, management or leadership development. Furthermore, HR practices of organisations are implementing the various approaches of employee development since it has been identified as a supporting and motivational component for employees to provide high performance in organisation (Stewart, 1999). With regards to this, the aim of the paper is to identify the concept of coaching or mentoring approach among the existing various approaches. It also includes the argument for and against the chosen approach with the assistance of academic literature and research reports. In addition, the paper provides the challenges and issues related with the coaching in order to measure the effectiveness of the approach which in turn endow with the effective evidence to achieve the objectives of an organisation. Concept of Coachin g and Mentoring Coaching and mentoring are considered as the two employee development methods that foster the ability of an employee in order to improve behaviour and level of the performance. The concept of coaching and mentoring are similar. However, the processes of each other are creating differentiation between them (Brooks, 2006). Coaching tends to be recognised as more task-oriented, skill focused and time-bound. On the contrary, mentoring is more focused on ‘open-ended personal development’. The process of coaching deals with instruction, discussion and guidance which are provided by the coach to the coached person. Whereas, the process of mentoring takes place through a conversation that assists the mentee in order to learn from the mentor (Deans & et. al., 2006). Coaching and mentoring programs are playing significant roles amongst employees and organisations as these programs help to establish a connection between organisational goals and objectives. At the s ame time, they are also concerned about personal development requirements of individual employees. Therefore, coaching and mentoring can be measured as ‘two way relationship’ with both the organisation as well as the employee in order to gain adequate benefits (Whitmore, 2002). Growing Application of Coaching As an Employee Development Process Compared To Others Source: (Jarvis & et. al., 2004). With a purpose to show the growing application of coaching in order to develop the performance and productivity of the employee and the organisation, the above figure has been extracted from the survey report of Chartered Institute of Personal and Development (CIPD). It can be identified from the above figure that the application of formal classroom-based training with regard to the employee development is in recent times becoming a rarity in an organisation. HR practices are applying much highly developed and effective technique for the betterment of the employees which in turn assist an organisation to progress in the path of

Evaluate the foreign exchange exposure aspects of the French retail Essay

Evaluate the foreign exchange exposure aspects of the French retail investment project on behalf of Archer's Organic Foods plc - Essay Example .................................4 4.0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦.................................9 5.0 Recommendations............................................................................................9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦.10 Abstract Without a doubt, the issue of foreign exchange exposures through loss of economic value leads to high losses in firms’ value as the management seeks to maximize the profitability, net cash flow and marke t value of the firm. More significantly, foreign exchange rates get exposures to translation, transaction, and economic exposures depending on the market prevalent exchange rates in the foreign exchange market. With the existence of increased exchange exposure risks among companies that operate globally, different current and uprising fluctuations in the foreign exchange rates influence its growth (Allayannis and Ofek, 2001). As a result, most companies’ analysts undertake a thorough analysis of the foreign exchange markets, which reflects the increased significance of monitoring the effects of the fluctuating exchange rate as it affects individual firms’ profitability levels. ... ds plc management is interested in undertaking investment decisions that will increase its profitability levels, thus avoiding any losses that might arise from its expansion to France due to increased risks of foreign exchange exposures. Considering the market sensitivity to exchange rate exposures, it is radical to undertake a decision based on foreign exchange exposures that are more likely to occur in terms of a regression of asset value on the exchange rate. As a company considering undertaking investment projects that will increase their profitability levels, the management of Archer’s Organic Foods plc should consider the increased possibility of accounting, operation and strategic exposures that could arise from increased foreign exchange rate fluctuations. More significantly, the possibility of increased volatility of the financial markets as Archer’s Organic Foods plc seeks to undertake increased expansion growth allows for unexpected movements in exchange rate s and interest rates within the different foreign markets (Elliott, Huffman and Makar, 2003). More importantly, the increased free movements of cash flows and profits generated from trading with France increases the likelihood of foreign exchange exposures. With the growing global competition,  the increased likelihood of foreign exchange exposures through increased unanticipated movements with the foreign currency trading can cause very large gains or losses if the risks remain largely uncontrolled. As a result, the company’s management should seek to undertake increased measures through increased use of foreign currency derivatives and other hedging instruments that are more likely to mitigate the risk of foreign exchange losses affecting the firm’s asset value. Foreign Exchange Rate Exposures

World of work silver-organisational awareness Essay - 1

World of work silver-organisational awareness - Essay Example From the feedback, I have learnt that it is easier to use culture and factors as the key guiding principles for the external analysis of the organization. Thus, using a SWOT analysis facilitates in determining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats that an organization has towards the social based factors. Further, having a well-developed topic for research will assist to make it easy to achieve success in the research process. This occurs because the answering of the topic comprises of the details essential for the achievement of success. I will use the experience to create a chance for identification and evaluation of the organization that I need to work in the future. Such is because entering into an organization without knowing the functions and activities of such organization may prove challenging to me. Hence, having awareness on the organization activities will create an effective opportunity of understanding the nature of the organization and the need for ensuring that it is easy to achieve organization success. It also ensures that I am able to identify the right organization based on personal dream and

Metabolic Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Metabolic Changes - Essay Example While discussing these changes, the expose will analyze the reasons why these changes take place. A discussion on metabolic changes will not be complete without a discussion on aerobic and anaerobic exercises. In this regard, this expose will discuss the differences between aerobic and anaerobic exercises and the types of exercises involved in aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Finally, this discussion will not be complete without a discussion on the physical changes that take place in muscle fibers during exercising. Martin identified the most visible change in an individual’s respiratory system during exercises as increased minute ventilation. In this regard, it is common knowledge that the body exchanges more carbon dioxide and oxygen during physical exercises than when at rest. In line with this, these changes affect the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system during exercises. Martin indicated that the changes were a result of increased supply of oxygen due to an increase in the tissue oxygen extraction and the delivery of oxygen by the arteries. In addition, Martin noted that there was increased transportation of the carbon dioxide to the venous side. During exercises, glucose and body fats use the increased oxygen in the body to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that produces energy necessary for cellular reactions in the body (Martin). Martin identified the ability of the heart rate to increase immediately during exercises. In this case, the consumption of oxygen is related to the cardiac output with the stroke volume, which is the amount of volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart. Effectively, this increase is responsible for the increased heart rate during exercises. In addition, the heart rate increases due to the extra cardiac output that delivers oxygen to the exercising muscles (Martin). The extra cardiac output that delivers

Reviews of the Articles about Global Problems Essay

Reviews of the Articles about Global Problems - Essay Example Soil, which is composed of organic and inorganic components, is an integral part of terrestrial life and many organisms including humans are greatly dependent on this vast resource. The organic or living components which are constituted by thousands of microbes, fungi, nematodes, mites and gophers play a vital role in maintaining soil health and fertility. The organic wastes that are present in the soil are processed by the soil microflora and the resulting nutrients are made available for the plants. Ground water is filtered and cleaned by the soil matter and soil also helps to retain atmospheric dust and other pathogens thereby contributing to cleaner air. Soil is also a major determinant of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Man-made activities such as plowing and soil changes due to erosion and neglect can result in the release of excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in to the atmosphere. Agricultural practices such as tillage can deprive the soil of essential organic nutrients an d the addition of fertilizer chemicals, pesticides and herbicides further deplete the soil nutrients. The large number of concrete layered on top of the soil in urban areas, heavy machines and pollution cause extensive and at times irreversible damages to soil life. The desert conditions in Africa are mainly due to extensive grazing and agriculture which has resulted in degradation of the top soil. The author further adds that unhealthy soil can also cause several human diseases. The increasing global warming poses a great threat to the biodiversity of the soil which can be adversely affected even with the slightest change in temperature and moisture. The author has also included the views of soil experts Eric B. Nelson and Diana H. Wall who respectively believe that soil... The essay "Reviews of the Articles about Global Problems" analyses eight articles by eight different authors about such global problems as like the effect of increasing carbon dioxide quantities on global warming, threats to soil life from globalization and industrialization, the harm of pesticides to the environment and the effect of technological advancements on humanity. For example, the article â€Å"The hidden world under our feet† by Jim Robbins focuses on soil life and the numerous threats that it faces due to globalization and industrialization around the world. Soil, which is composed of organic and inorganic components, is an integral part of terrestrial life and many organisms including humans are greatly dependent on this vast resource. The organic or living components which are constituted by thousands of microbes, fungi, nematodes, mites and gophers play a vital role in maintaining soil health and fertility. Another article â€Å"A Change in temperature† by Justin Gillis analyses the effect of increasing carbon dioxide quantities on global warming. Recent findings suggest that global temperature change is a more slow process and humans would be able to adapt to these changes. The major issue under consideration is about the sensitivity of the climate to increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. Earlier in the 19th century, Svante Arrhenius estimated the earth’s average temperature to increase by nine degrees Fahrenheit, though, now it is likely to be between three to eight degrees Fahrenheit.

England's Seven Years War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

England's Seven Years War - Essay Example For some historians, the Seven Years’ War is seen as an extension of the War of Austrian Succession. Frederick II of Prussia had forced Austria into the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa signed only to buy time to rebuild Austria’s military and extend its alliances. Austria successfully created bonds with France and Russia, while Prussia’s sole but powerful ally was England. England and Prussia formed a strong alliance, due to the military dominance of the former on the sea and the latter on land.2 According Schultz, while the causes of the Seven Years’ War were European in nature3, across the globe, France and England competed for commercial and colonial supremacy. In America especially, the attempts of the British colonies to expand westward were thwarted by French presence in the Mississippi Valley. The French built a series of forts there to stop British movement, which became a focal point for armed conflict.4 In Europe, bolstered by the support of England, Frederick II attacked Saxony and Prague. The Russians attacked and bested a force in East Prussia at the Battle of Gross-Jagersdorf. Austria and France worked to crush the Prussian army in 1757, but Frederick II was able to victor at the Battles of Rossbach and Leuthen, restoring the Prussian advantage.5 The French enjoyed early successes in the war. Sloan notes that French troops were vigorous in asserting their presence in New York, while the English did very little.6 The French general Montcalm easily took Fort Oswego there and began to assert a real and threatening presence in North America.7 The French also had victory at Fort William Henry, which they surrounded and attacked for five days, killing 300 British who were also suffering from a small pox epidemic. Although Montcalm had promised the British they could

Research on Project Quality Management in China Paper

On Project Quality Management in China - Research Paper Example The recent decades have seen most countries implement new techniques that are geared towards producing the best results out of an initiated project however small it may be. Most industrialized and urbanized nations, China inclusive, have recently concentrated on quality improvement plans, ensuring appropriate standards in the quality of their products and services in order to fit in the global economics. Generally, quality management is the process by which an implementer of a particular project ensures that the value of the project at hand is able to satisfy his clientele in the best way possible. Quality is the characteristic of an item meeting the required standards by the customers or a producer or the government, as well as giving the producer a value of business sustainability and increased performance (Cleland and Gareis, 2006). Techniques of project quality management that are desirable are those that make sure that the deliverables of a particular project are able to meet th e expectations of customers or even go beyond these expectations. Therefore, monitoring a project in the best way possible is considered ample, since errors and chances of project misinterpretations are duly eradicated. Additionally, standards of quality are deemed vital in the implementation of any project, and the meeting of such standards is made possible through the application of suitable plans to manage a project. Planning of a project is important because it helps ensure the effectiveness of the factors that influence project management as well as the activities that are conducted by the project stakeholders. Quality is at the same time acquired through a certain series of processes that are continually handled until the best result is acquired. Thus, no project incepts at its best level, but all start at a poor level tending towards the best. More over, it is crucial that project implementation team communicate appropriately with the project stakeholders in order to lay the best foundation for quality improvement that is continuous. Thus, when planning the budget for every project, it is crucial that quality be put into consideration. It is always good to emphasize on quality and not quantity for a stakeholder willing to give the best and not only to gain (Cleland and Gareis, 2006). This paper is aimed at investigating into the project quality management in China, being one of the most industrialized countries. Additionally, it will seek to establish the policies, quality control, as well as the techniques that are duly applied in the country. It is also important to come up with a definite reason as to why Chinese products, despite being of low quality are prevalent in the world. More over, it will seek to investigate into project management in china, in regard to the aspect of globalization. Furthermore, it is geared towards providing an insight on quality standards in regard to the management of quality by Chinese

Movie All the President's Men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movie All the President's Men - Essay Example All the Presidents Men Order No. 669256 â€Å"All The President’s Men† (1976) is a scintillating movie that weaves together the Washington intrigue and monument of journalism into the fabric of film making by changing the face of journalism and politics. Undoubtedly, this film is considered to be one of the best and is so captivating, as it was two decades ago. The Academy Award winning screenplay of ‘All the President’s Men’ was written by William Goldman who hacks through the maze of interlocking relationships to unveil the truth in the mire of politics. The protagonists of the film were Robert Redford who also happened to be the producer of the film, and Dustin Hoffman who play the parts of two Washington Post Reporters who had the responsibility of taking down the No. 1 resident on Pennsylvania Avenue by making use of journalism as well as politics to do so, in a spellbinding story. (Vincent Canby, 1976) The director of the film was Alan J Pakula whose mastery over shadows and mazes brings to light the menacing paths and hidden truths encountered by reporters in the daily lives in this captivating 2 hours 16 minute movie released by Warner Brothers. The opening scene of the movie shows a typewriter that hammers out the date when president Nixon came back from China which was 1st June, 1972. The riotous break – in takes place just sixteen days later after the President returned. The scene includes ancient dial telephones and old typewriters. The Watergate scandal that took place over 25 years ago is believed to be the most famous political scandal ever to take place in the history of America. ‘All The Presidents Men’ (1976) served to offer public absolution to the Washington Post which was unceremoniously dragged down by the economic downslide and public ridicule by the Nixon White House. This movie also served to bring about an institutional self –consciousness to the once free spirited men and wo men who belonged to the fourth estate. Journalism, as portrayed in the movie, is a humorless profession devoid of all glamour that attracts like minded humorless people. Though the movie ‘All The President’s Men’ is considered to be a Classic, it has its moments of factual deficiencies. Ken Ringle, (1992) who is on the staff of the Washington Post, sheds light on some of the flaws in the movie. He explains that the reporting was over – glamorized while editing which is a serious job was over simplified. Ringle (1992) also tells us that many facts and names were changed, crucial historical key figures were eliminated while other characters were mythologized. According to him power appeared to be the only significant subject for the pen of the journalist because it details and unmasks the deceit of a President in a Byzantine era. Ringle (1992) sheds light on how ‘All the Presidents Men’ helped change so many things within the walls of the Washin gton Post. Certain parts of the film are quite discomforting as it serves to remind journalists that they were not chroniclers of events but major players in the field of journalism. The author tells us that the film helped to bring about drastic changes in the field some of which were good but some of them were not always in their favor. One of the blatant factual deficiencies spoken of by Ringle (1992) is the absence of City Editor Barry Sussman who played pivotal role in guiding Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein the reporters, to solves their puzzles into a meaningful pattern, was left completely out of the film. Ringle (1992) describes how many of the events were conveniently rearranged, some of the characters were fictionalized while some of the incidents and dialogues that were gathered were exaggerated or concocted. Ringle (1992) points to one of the blatant visual inaccuracies in the film which is the repeated depiction of Newsmen Bernstein and Woodward who are shown working a ll alone in a vacant newsroom. Roger Ebert, in his review on ‘All The President’s Men’ tells us that it is a compelling blend of investigative journalism and

Atticus Finch - To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

Atticus Finch To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Throughout chapters 1-17 in To Kill A Mockingbird, Atticus Finch is shown as a very courageous and non-judgemental person. At times in the book he is also a very caring father but he can be strict at times. His name, Atticus is also a very polite man and always shows courtesy to the people he meets. Many people that live in Maycomb know Atticus is a gentleman and is very polite. He also has a conscience when he says that if he didn’t defend a Negro then he would be ashamed and wouldn’t be able to hold his head up in town. Harper Lee portrayed Atticus as a very courageous man. Atticus is courageous because he takes up a case no one else dares to take, the Tom Robinson case. He was willing to risk his honour and dignity to help the poorly accused black man. Although he gets a lot of abuse from various people, for example Mrs Dubose when she says, â€Å"Atticus is a nigger-lover†, he still doesn’t step down from the case and ignores people. He even put his Children in the way when Scout nearly gets in to a fight against Cecil Jacobs when Cecil Jacobs says that â€Å"Scout Finch’s daddy defends niggers†. Scout even takes abuse from her own family when her cousin, Francis, says that Atticus is a â€Å"nigger-lover† which really puts Scout on edge and she starts a fight with Francis. Atticus is also a very non-judgemental person and will always look at things from both sides of the story. In chapter 3 Atticus says, â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view until you climb into his skin and walk around in it†. Here, Atticus is saying that you can’t judge something until you see things from their point of view, until you see what they’re experiencing. Atticus is a very caring father but a strict one too. He is very caring when Scout comes home from her first day in school and complains that Miss Caroline (the teacher) doesn’t want Atticus and Scout reading together any more. Atticus decides to make a deal with Scout, â€Å"If you’ll concede the necessity of going to school, we’ll go on reading every night just as we always have†. This shows that he cares about Scout concerns and decides to make a deal to make her happy. Although caring he is also a strict father and when Jem loses her cool and destroys Mrs Dubose’s flowers he makes Jem go back and apologies. To do something like this to a sick lady is inexcusable. I strongly advise you to go down and have a talk with Mrs Dubose†. As well as a good father he is also a very polite and well-mannered man. For example, in the court trial with Mayella, Atticus wouldn’t call her Mayella but Miss Mayella but Mayella took it like Atticus was mocking her. Judge Taylor had to calm her down by saying, â€Å"Mr Finch is always courteous to everybody†. This is saying that Atticus is always polite and courteous to everyone he meets. He is also very polite to Mrs Dubose even though Mrs Dubose shout insults to him every time he walks by. Atticus would sweep off his hat, wave gallantly to her and say, ‘Good evening, Mrs Dubose! You look like a picture this evening. ’† This shows that even though Mrs Dubose is horrid to him, he still says hello and is polite to her. Atticus is also very aware of his own reputation and tries to be morally good as much as he can be. He does this by helping Tom Robinson in a case they would probably lose. Scout asks him why he is defending Tom Robinson and Atticus replies, â€Å"The main one is that if I didnt, I couldnt hold my head up in town†. This shows he has morals that he follows so that he can have respect not for others but himself as well. Throughout chapters 1-17 Atticus is shown as a courageous person. As well as being courageous he is non-judgemental especially when he says, â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view until you climb into his skin and walk around in it†. Atticus is also portrayed as a caring father when Scout is having trouble at school; Atticus is there to support her. Harper Lee has overall made Atticus a very polite, wise and respected man in To Kill A Mockingbird.

Customer relationship management Essay Example for Free

Customer relationship management Essay Abstract Purpose – This paper aims to provide insights into the development and management of a customer community, informing product innovation and engaging customers in co-creation of a consumption experience. Design/methodology/approach – A review of the state of current knowledge about co-production, co-creation and customer communities is followed by discussion of the case study methodology. The case history of a leading player in the UK and international â€Å"sportkiting† market focuses on product innovation and customer-community development. Discussion re? ects in more detail on the lessons from the case for application of the principles in practice. Findings – The case company’s innovative product development strategy provides the catalyst for co-creation of a customer experience. Its marketing actions extend beyond product development and innovation to actively co-creating experiences with customers, fostering a sense of community among users, facilitating communication within that community, acting on the feedback, and continuously developing and maintaining the community relationship. Research limitations/implications – The company’s marketing strategy can be summed up as â€Å"customer community leadership†. This paradigm proposes a new role for businesses in sectors where there is a potential to develop and engage communities. It provides a context for the effective facilitation of customer knowledge management, within which marketing intelligence plays a signi? cant role. The ? ndings offer scope for further research into the nature of this phenomenon and its relevance to co-creation in other industry sectors, and into numerous aspects of the processes and impacts associated with customer communities. Originality/value – The case contributes to the literature of co-creation, demonstrating how it has been achieved through a marketing strategy and marketing mix in a particular customer community. Keywords Customer relations, Innovation, Relationship marketing, Leadership Paper type Case study Marketing Intelligence Planning Vol. 25 No. 2, 2007 pp. 136-146 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0263-4503 DOI 10. 1108/02634500710737924 Introduction. The increased complexity, globalization and knowledge-intensity of marketplaces require all businesses to make better use of their technological, organizational and marketing competences in order to survive. Contemporary organizations in highly competitive and highly innovative markets must be able to build market share quickly, by delivering fast, high quality, innovative solutions. The changing organisational environment has driven interest in organisational learning and knowledge management (Drucker, 1993; Prusak, 1997). Many studies have con? rmed customer knowledge as one of the most important knowledge bases for an organisation (Bennett and Gabriel, 1999; Chase, 1997), and there is a considerable interest in the potential of â€Å"co-production† and â€Å"co-creation† either individually or in community contexts, to enhance innovation and business performance (Gibbert et al. , 2002). Focus on the engagement of customers in organizational learning, innovation and knowledge processes heralds the dawn of a new paradigm of marketing intelligence in  which data and information are not simply gathered into databases and distilled to inform management decision making, but rather marketing intelligence is embedded in dynamic co-creation processes that involve customers as partners rather than subjects. Through a case study analysis and critique of a leading manufacturer of kiteboarding equipment, this paper seeks to provide insights into the engagement and management of a customer community, to inform product innovation and to engage customers in co-creation of a sporting experience. The case contributes to the literature of co-creation and speci?cally to the way in which communities can be enlisted in the co-creation of experiences. It begins with a literature review, outlining the state of current knowledge on co-production and co-creation and on customer communities, followed by a description of the case study methodology. A pro? le of the company, with particular reference to its product development and community development follows leads to re? ection in detail on the contribution from this case. Finally, conclusions and recommendations provide a summary of the issues. The concept of â€Å"customer community leadership† is proposed, and agendas for further research identi? ed. Literature review This section draws together current knowledge on two key themes: co-creation, or co-production, and customer communities. Research on both of these themes ? ts broadly within the paradigm or philosophy of relationship marketing. As the main plank of a marketing strategy, relationship marketing aims to build long term, mutually satisfying relations with customers, suppliers and distributors with the key objective of earning and retaining their long-term preference, loyalty and business (Foss and Stone, 2001; Peck et al., 1999; Buttle, 1996; Massey et al. , 2001). In discussing the absence of a consensus on the term relationship marketing, and on the appropriateness of the term, other authors have suggested that a focus on interactions and networks of interactions between businesses and their customers might be more meaningful (Healy et al. , 2001; Zoliewski, 2004). The concepts of co-production and customer communities both focus on interactions. Communities, in particular, involve networks of interactions. The theme of interaction between customers and organizations in product and service innovation is developed in the literature on co-production. Prahalad and Ramaswamy (2000) suggest that companies have to recognise that the customer is becoming a partner in creating value, and need to learn how to harness customer competences. One aspect of this will be the engagement of customers in co-creating personal experiences. The body of work on co-creation and co-production has grown in recent years. Kristensson et al. (2004) have examined the bene? Ts of involving users in suggesting new product ideas, ? nding that ordinary users created signi? cantly more original and valuable ideas than professional developers, whilst professional developers and advanced users created more easily reliable ideas. At a more modest level of customer engagement, Salomo et al. (2003) found that customer orientation in innovation projects (not necessarily, in this case, customer engagement) had a positive in? uence on NPD success and that the impact increased with the degree of product innovativeness. Similarly, Hsieh and Chen (2005) showed that new product development performance can be enhanced by interacting with users, and capitalising on user-knowledge management competences. Matthing et al. (2004) suggest that the Customer community and co-creation 137 MIP 25,2 138 value of customer involvement in new service development resides in the opportunity to facilitate proactive learning about the customer, and to understand and anticipate latent customer needs. Lilien et al. (2002) suggest that user contribution to the idea generation process is optimised through the careful selection of â€Å"lead users† to participate in the process. Dahlsten (2004) discusses customer involvement in the case of a product development project at Volvo Cars, which allowed the project management team to acquire an understanding of the customer through â€Å"customer presence†. A study comparing the sources of product and process innovation in large and small technology-based ? rms found that product developers in SMEs valued customers, co-workers, marketing and journals more highly, whilst suppliers were particularly valued by large ? rms (Bommer and Jalajas, 2004). Co-creation might be viewed as an aspect of customer-knowledge competence, the processes that generate knowledge about speci? c customers (Campbell, 2003). Gibbert et al. (2002, p. 460) describe customer knowledge management as a process in which organisations seek to â€Å"know what their customers know† and de? ne it as: . . . the strategic process by which cutting-edge companies emancipate their customers from passive recipients of products and services, to empowerment as knowledge partners. CKM is about gaining, sharing, and expanding the knowledge residing in customers, to both customer and corporate bene? It is thus concerned with an understanding of how to elicit and leverage knowledge from customers. Their emphasis on interacting with customers and co-production, extending to co-learning, lifts the focus from collecting data and information in order to learn about customers to learn with customers. They discuss ? ve different styles of customer knowledge management, including â€Å"prosumerism† where the customer acts as co-producer, and â€Å"communities of creation† in which groups of people work together, have shared interests, and want to jointly create and share knowledge. The focus of co-production research is often on product innovation and new product development, with some contributions relating to service development (Matthing et al. , 2004). However, Prahalad and Ramaswamy (2003), suggest a future in which the locus of innovation and co-production will shift from products and services to â€Å"experience environments†. This suggestion aligns with other proposals that the â€Å"experience marketing† era is on the horizon, and that it is becoming increasingly important for businesses to respond to the needs of the experience consumer (Li and Wei, 2004). Co-creation may take place in the context of customer communities. There is a considerable literature on customer clubs (Butscher, 2002; Gustafsson et al. , 2004; Stauss et al. , 2001) and loyalty schemes (Bolton et al. , 2000; Mauri, 2003; Passingham, 1998; Worthington, 2000). Only a small sub-group of such clubs and schemes can properly be described as customer communities, however, which should at the very least exhibit C2C interaction. To convincingly justify the use of â€Å"community† they should furthermore share a culture with norms, values and identity, and mutual interests and objectives. Fan clubs, interest clubs, and software user groups may constitute customer communities. Butscher (2002) identi? es the Kawasaki Riders Club, The Volkswagen Club, and Swatch The Club as examples which might be described as customer communities. On the other hand, loyalty schemes such as Tesco Clubcard, American Express, Airmiles, and Marriot Rewards are focussed on the B2C dimension of relationship marketing, and do little to cultivate or in? uence C2C interactions. Therefore, whilst they may be able to identify a relatively stable group of users, they have not created a community. One context in which there has been more discussion of customer communities is the virtual environment (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996). Some loyalty schemes use this channel to support C2C interaction. Virtual customer communities enable organizations to establish distributed innovation models that involve varied customer roles in new product development (Nambisan, 2002; Pitta and Fowler, 2005). Nambisan (2002) suggests that the design of virtual customer environments needs to consider interaction patterns, knowledge creation, customer motivation, and integration of the virtual customer community with the new product development team. Dholakia et al. (2004) explore the impact of group norms and social identity on participation in consumer communities. The wider literature on virtual communities and their role in learning and knowledge creation is also substantial, and may have perspectives to offer on the role of virtual communities in innovation (Hall and Graham, 2004; Davenport and Hall, 2002; Wenger, 2000). In conclusion, the themes of co-creation and customer communities have been identi? ed as important in the literature, but there remains a scope for considerable further work, speci?  cally relating to: . co-creation of experiences; Customer communities that exist in both physical and virtual space; and . the mechanisms and processes through which organizations can engage customer communities, as opposed to individual members of those communities, in co-creation. Methodology Case studies are a valuable way of looking at the world around us, and asking how or why questions (Yin, 1994). The case study design adopted in this paper may be described as a holistic single case design. Typically, single case designs are appropriate when the exercise has something special to reveal that might act as a point of departure for challenging received wisdom, prior theoretical perspectives and untested assumptions. A specialist in sporting kite technology was chosen as the basis for the case analysis in this paper for four reasons in particular, as follows: (1) The stated mission of Flexifoil International is to: â€Å"provide our customers with the ultimate Kitesports experience† (www.? exifoil. com/company). (2) Flexifoil has been consistently committed to product innovation. (3) Flexifoil works with customers and proactively builds customer communities to support customer engagement in co-creation of the kiting experience. (4) The active and extensive participation of one of the authors in the kiting community formed the basis for an in-depth understanding of the community building and co-creation processes observed. Company pro? le: Flexifoil International Through product innovation, the company seeks to design and develop the highest performance products, with new designs and products that support new kite-based Customer community and co-creation 139 MIP. 25,2 sporting experiences and events. Flexifoil build both their own customer community and the kite boarding community in general through customer service, distribution networks, sponsorship and promotion of the sports for which their products are used. They provide opportunities for the kite sporting community to interact, online and in other ways. Their community is thus built through B2B, C2B and C2C relationships and channels. 140 Product development Until the early 1970s, a kite had for hundreds of years been a piece of fabric controlled with one or two lines, designed to be hand-?own in windy conditions. What is now Flexifoil International started when two English university students effectively â€Å"invented† the two-line power kite by producing the ? rst to be sold commercially. Two larger kites with the evocative names â€Å"Pro Team 8† and â€Å"Super 10† established Flexifoil’s market position, and enabled the company to enter upon a period of innovation and experimentation that explored a range of different potential applications for power kites. Some of their innovations were successful, others less so, such as three-wheeled buggies designed to be pulled by a power kite or traction kite. The successful developments in materials and design technology by Flexifoil and its followers allowed this basic product to support today such diverse activities as kite boarding (water-based), snow kiting, kite land boarding, buggying, recreational power kiting, and sportkiting (â€Å"traditional† kiting). The company’s own product range now comprises: power kites, recreational kites, traction kites, and water re-launchable kites; buggies and boards; lines and control gear; and miscellaneous accessories such as clothing. Following the launch of a web site, with associated forums in which enthusiasts could meet and exchange ideas, Flexifoil’s sales increased by around 25 per cent each year between 1999 and 2004. Innovation continued, with the development of water-based kiting or kitesur? ng, and later kites for land boarding and snow kiting. Over the last thirty years, the company had thus effectively created a market, and maintained leadership in its particular niche, by means not only of product innovation but also engagement with and cultivation of a power-boarding community. Community development Distribution. The community development process begins with the company’s distribution network of authorised retail outlets. Initially, those were mainly windsur? ng and sur? ng shops, but more recently specialised kiting shops have entered the market. Signi? cantly for Flexifoil, some of those have developed into â€Å"kitesports centres† where customers can â€Å"? y before they buy†. At three Premier Kite Sports Centres, the most comprehensive Flexifoil range is available for trial in an environment characterised by knowledgeable staff and extensive facilities in a good location; activity training is also on offer. A smaller range of Flexifoil kites is sold through high street shops. The company also moves the product to market through training schools, academies and university kite clubs, to whom equipment is available at discounted rates or even free of charge if the outlet becomes an of? cial Flexifoil training centre. In addition to these bricks-and-mortar outlets, the company transacts a signi? cant proportion of its retail sales through internet distributors. It also sells spare parts,  branded clothing and a selection of promotional merchandise via Flexifoildirect. com, but restricts distribution of core products to distributors who can offer a full after-sales service. The objective of the company’s distribution strategy is to build, support and maintain an effective customer community. Promotion and marketing communication. The main platform of Flexifoil’s promotional programme is to communicate their commitment to after-sales support, and their ambition to maintain good relationships with both customers and dealer outlets. This strategy, in turn, generates positive word-of-mouth communication, and often act as a channel for customer feedback that can inform future product innovation and development. In pursuit of that objective, Flexifoil make extensive use of specialised advertising media, including every kite magazine in circulation, often running double-page spreads. A branded display stand for Flexifoil product catalogues is distributed to every dealer. To keep the brand at the centre of the kitesporting world, the company sponsors a team of kite boarders who compete around the world. The promotional mix thus embraces advertising, publicity, sales promotion and point-of-sale. Flexifoil furthermore use their web site and its forums proactively to develop the UK kiting community, especially pre-launch. Previews of new kites provoke discussion in the forums, and a level of interest that builds up over months of anticipation and typically generates high sales volumes immediately on the release of the product. This online communication channel brings customers together to exchange experiences, and sell equipment to each other. The company lays claim to the largest online kiting community, of nearly 7,000 members. The variety of forums available to its members specialise in the full range of sportkiting activities. The clear aim of the marketing communications strategy is, like the distribution strategy, to create a community of interest rather than one based simply on transaction. Discussion This discussion will draw out two themes from the case study analysis: co-creation, and customer communities. The study contributes a perspective on the co-creation of experiences, which  is a central element in the emerging paradigm of experience marketing. By continuing engagement with their customer community, the subject company has been able not only to gather feedback on the experiences associated with the use of its products, but also to add to them by offering opportunities, in both the real and virtual environments for customer to enjoy interactions with others who share their interests. It monitors and enhances the experience through the same channels. Whilst product innovation is stepwise, the dialogue and interaction with customers on which that innovation is based is continuous. This is not â€Å"co-production† in the sense that the term is used in new product development contexts, but rather in the service context, where the term refers to the fact that customers have a hand in the development of their own service experience. Nevertheless, experience â€Å"co-creation† in this case, embeds product innovation. The impact of this approach to co-creation is dif? cult to disentangle from the impact of other business and marketing actions. The signi? cant increase in sales in the years since the launch of the web site could be taken as one indicator, but it  Customer community and co-creation 141 MIP 25,2 142 is important to acknowledge the spiral nature of the community creation process. This increase in sales will have expanded the community, and probably also have intensi? ed customers’ engagement with the experiences that community members co-create with the company. The case also contributes some insights on the nature of customer communities. Though the company does ask customers to register their product and thereby collects personal contact details, it does not operate a customer community, club or loyalty scheme. Rather, the innovative and interesting products act as a catalyst for community creation through the medium of the â€Å"experiences† they deliver. The customer community comprises those who have participated in those experiences, enjoyed them, and wish to develop the interaction. Customers work in partnership with the company to build excitement and develop skill, and by sharing the experiences with others, add to the totality of the customer community. The company has taken a number of actions to facilitate this process, including working with distributors, sponsorship, engagement in events, training courses, and an interactive web site. Speci? cally, their approach to communication with their customers is sophisticated. The common view of marketing communications as a one-way transmission is replaced by a marketing communications strategy designed to build and reinforce the company’s position as a leader of a community. Traditional channels such as advertising, sponsorship, and even brand building are only elements in a complex web or network of marketing communications activities, involving C2C and B2B as well as B2C relationships. The company communicates directly with its customers, but also provides contexts which encourage them to â€Å"talk† among themselves. In addition, the marketing communications effort is â€Å"pushed† through distributors, not just in terms of the traditional advertising and branding, but also through the selection of distributors that can offer appropriate support and advice. These actors in the system have a role in welcoming new members into the community. They are supported in doing so by the existing on-line community, and various company-sponsored events at which members are encouraged to gather. The customer community has built gradually as the business has grown. As new products have been added to the product range to support new sports, new sub-communities have formed around them. The process of community development goes hand in hand with product development. Conclusions and recommendations The entrepreneurs behind Flexifoil International have simultaneously created a sport, and an associated sporting community. The company is clear that its mission as not simply to develop and distribute the best products but rather to deliver the most exciting kiting experience. This case study has demonstrates that the entire marketing mix is focussed not on transactions, or even relationship building, but rather on community creation. That community includes both consumers and dealers. Product innovation, distribution and promotion are tightly coupled with community creation. Community building is not just about increasing membership, or even about the engagement of members with the community, but focuses on the creation of a level of mutuality in which there is ongoing dialogue between community members and the company. Flexifoil has neither annexed an existing community, nor do they â€Å"own† one, although they do manage a virtual space through which the community can interact. Rather, their product innovation and the experiences that their product range provides have the potential to act as the catalyst for the community, whilst sponsorship, engagement in events, and the virtual space all facilitate the enhancement of the experience for community members. Other companies compete with Flexifoil for leadership of the power kiting community, both rival manufacturers and others keen to enhance the sportkiting experience. Many of these have web sites through which they seek to capture an online community. For example, one casts itself as â€Å"the kite ? yer’s portal to the internet† offering links to kite manufacturers and kite stores in the USA and Canada, to other power kiting web sites, to other kite ? yer sites, kite teams and clubs, and to magazines and newsgroups. Another claims to be â€Å"the online community that brings ? yers together† and a third promotes itself as â€Å"the internet magazine for kiters†. All offer different services and bene? ts to their customers, but for some, their engagement with the sport kiting community will be restricted to virtual space. Though Flexifoil has a strong brand presence as a manufacturer, it needs to encourage members to participate with it in â€Å"co-creation† if it is to deliver on its mission of providing customers with the ultimate kite sports experience. The approach to marketing strategy described in this case study can aptly be described as customer community leadership. By leading the sport kiting community, but not owning it, Flexifoil has created a community that will buy their products, co-create kiting experiences, provide insights that can inform innovation in the product, the experience and the community innovation, look forward to the next product release, and mutually enhance community members’ experiences of the company’s products and services. Embedded in this approach to community leadership are a number of more traditional marketing actions, such as new product development, advertising, and commitment to after-sales support. The distribution channels are designed to offer the support and training that is likely to enhance sport kiting experiences, but also to build relationships with dealers, and to bring sports kiters together. This is supplemented by opportunities for interaction in virtual space. Community development is achieved through a network of relationship-building actions, at the heart of which are enjoyable and shareable sports kiting experiences. Through community leadership, the company has created a context in which customers are thus from being passive recipients of products and services, and empowered as knowledge partners (Gibbert et al., 2002). In other words, it has thereby created a context that facilitates the processes of customer knowledge management. This is an approach to marketing intelligence and decision making embedded in dynamic co-creation processes that involve customers as partners. It is worth noting that the term â€Å"customer community leadership† can have two different meanings in practice. First, it may mean leadership of a community, in the sense of making it work, setting its direction, and participating in the shaping of experiences of community members. In this context, the focus is on factors such as member engagement, culture, norms, identity and community viability, in terms of the value delivered to all parties. Second, it can describe an avenue to market leadership, in which the business performance of an organisation over the longer term is de? ned and determined by the extent to which its leadership of a community of potential customers, or its power and capacity to lead, is greater than that of its competitors. Customer community and co-creation 143 MIP 25,2 144 In taking the development of the concept of customer community leadership forward, it will be important to explore the different styles and approaches that are and can be adopted by different ? rms and organizations. Given that another essential of successful leadership is followers, an important phenomenon for further study is the nature of â€Å"followership† in this context. This case study has focussed on the actions and strategies adopted by one business to build and bene? t from a customer community and to engage customers in the co-creation of an experience. In addition, it has demonstrated how both online and real-world communities can be enlisted to contribute to building the experience. There is a scope for considerable further study of the processes associated with the co-creation of the experience, and the details of how communities operate. Such research needs both to cover a wider range of organizations and business sectors, and to examine in more detail aspects of communities, co-creation and customer knowledge management. Some potential areas of investigation are: . Perceptions and views of different stakeholders as to the impact of the community and the contributions of different parties in the co-creation of the experience. . The pro? le of such customer communities in terms of loyalty, retention and customer lifetime value, including comparisons between online and real-world communities. . Community processes, including models of key processes of in? uence, knowledge and learning, identi? cation and role of â€Å"node† members, and the role of celebrity voices and endorsement. . The marketing actions that contribute to the cultivation of effective co-creation communities. References Armstrong, A. G. and Hagel, J. (1996), â€Å"The real value of online communities†, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 74, pp. 134-40. Bennett, R. and Gabriel, H. I. (1999), â€Å"Organisational factors and knowledge management within large marketing departments: an empirical study†, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 212-25. Bolton, R. N. , Kannan, P. K. and Bramlett, M. D. (2000), â€Å"Implications of loyalty program membership and services experience for customer retention and value†, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 95-108. Bommer, M. and Jalajas, D. S. (2004), â€Å"Innovation sources of large and small technology-based ? rms†, IEEE Transactions of Engineering Management, Vol. 51 No. 1, pp. 13-18. Butscher, S. A. (2002), Customer Loyalty Programmes and Clubs, 2nd ed. , Gower, Aldershot. Buttle, F. (1996), Relationship Marketing: Theory and Practice, Paul Chapman, London. Campbell, A. J. (2003), â€Å"Creating customer knowledge competence: managing customer relationship management programs strategically†, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 375-83. Chase, R. L. (1997), â€Å"The knowledge-based organization: an international survey†, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 38-49. Dahlsten, F. (2004), â€Å"Hollywood wives revisited: a study of customer involvement in the XC90 project at Volvo Cars†, European Journal of Management, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 141-9. Davenport, E. and Hall, H. (2002), â€Å"Organizational knowledge and communities of practice†, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 36, pp. 171-227. Dholakia, U. M. , Bagozzi, R. P. and Pearo, L. K. (2004), â€Å"A social in? uence model of consumer participation in network- and small-group-based virtual communities†, International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 21, pp.241-63. Drucker, P. F. (1993), Post-capitalist Society, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Foss, B. and Stone, M. (2001), Successful Customer Relationship Marketing, Kogan Page, London. Gibbert, M. , Leibold, M. and Probst, G. (2002), â€Å"Five styles of customer knowledge management, and how smart companies use them to create value†, European Management Journal, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 459-69. Gustafsson, A. , Roos, I. and Edvardsson, B. (2004), â€Å"Customer clubs in a relationship perspective: a telecom case†, Managing Service Quality, Vol. 14 Nos 2/3, pp. 157-68. Hall, H. and Graham, D.(2004), â€Å"Creation and recreation: motivating collaboration to generate knowledge capital in online communities†, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, pp. 235-46. Healy, M. , Hastings, K. , Brown, L. and Gardiner, M. (2001), â€Å"The old, the new and the complicated – a trilogy of marketing relationships†, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 35 Nos 1/2, pp. 182-93. Hsieh, L. F. and Chen, S. K. (2005), â€Å"Incorporating voice of the consumer: does it really work? †, Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol. 105 Nos 5/6, pp. 769-85. Kristensson, P. , Gustafsson, A. and Archer, T. (2004), â€Å"Harnessing the creative.

Eisenhowers Policies Analysis

Eisenhowers Policies Analysis Jack Sha Dwight D. Eisenhower was born in Texas in 1890, raised in Abilene, Kansas; Eisenhower was the third oldest of the seven sons of David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Elizabeth Stover. He was really good at sports in school and was greatly interested in military history. Eisenhower graduated from Abilene High School in 1909, and after two years of working at different kinds of jobs, he got accepted at the West point and graduated in 1915. Afterwards Eisenhower went into military, and when he was stationed in Fort Sam Houston as a second lieutenant, he met Mamie Geneva Doud, whom he married in 1916. Dwight D. Eisenhower, a World War 2 war hero, and a five star General of the Army, also the 34th President of the United States, was not only a remarkable soldier, but also a great president; as shown by his foreign policy, domestic policy and his efforts to achieve world peace during his term. Dwight D. Eisenhower introduced his national security policy â€Å"New Look† in 1953. â€Å"The main elements of the New Look were: maintaining the vitality of the U.S. economy while still building sufficient strength to prosecute the Cold War; relying on nuclear weapons to deter Communist aggression or, if necessary, to fight a war; using the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to carry out secret or covert actions against governments or leaders directly or indirectly responsive to Soviet control; and strengthening allies and winning the friendship of nonaligned governments.† Eisenhower cut the spending on the traditional forces like the land army and the navy, but increased the budget of nuclear projects and the Air Force. Spending on the national security was never below half of the total budget—â€Å"Eisenhower did balance three of the eight federal budgets while he was in the White House.† One successful example of Eisenhower’s foreign policy was â€Å"during his first year in office; Eisenhower told the CIA to solve a problem in Iran that started during President Truman’s presidency. In 1951, the Iranian parliament nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, which is a British corporation that dominates the United Kingdom’s petroleum industry. The British in return put a lot of economic pressure on Iran, which destroyed their finances, but Iran refused to give in. Eisenhower is also worried about that Mossadeghs minded to cooperate with Iranian Communists; and he would eventually take away the power of a substantial anti-Communist, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavialso. In August 1953, the CIA helped to make a revolution against Mossadegh’s government successful, and also restored the power of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavialso. â€Å"In the aftermath of this covert action, new arrangements gave U.S. corporations an equal share with the British in t he Iranian oil industry.† [3] Eisenhower’s domestic policy was also a success, although there were perilous moments when the tension with the Soviet Union was really high, and they were at the brink of war during the 1950s. â€Å"People often remember the Eisenhower years as happy days, a time when Americans did not have to worry about depression or war, as they had in the 1930s and 1940s, or difficult and divisive issues, as they did in the 1960s.† Americans enjoyed the benefits that their soaring economy brought them, more than half of the Americans have a television, and many different kinds of enjoyment popped up. It was a time that Americans was free from the tension of war, people relax and have fun, the cinemas and bars are packed with people, and the latest fashion can be seen everywhere on the streets. In the eyes of the American people, Eisenhower was a great leader and they mostly approve his policies, because he often gets a majority in the votes, sometimes even over 70 percent. â€Å"During the campaign of 1952, Eisenhower condemned the policies of President Truman’s Fair Deal, but he was not like some of his fellow Republican conservatives that hold extreme views to the â€Å"Fair Deal†. These Republicans not only wanted to get rid of the â€Å"Fair Deal†, but also the â€Å"New Deal†, so they can go back to government control of the economy. Eisenhower chose the middle path, which he called the â€Å"Modern Republicanism†. The â€Å"Modern Republicanism â€Å"preserved individual freedom and the market economy insured that government would provide necessary assistance to workers who had lost their jobs of to the ill or aged, who through no fault of their own, could not provide for themselves. He intended to lead the country â€Å"down the middle of the road between the unfettered power of concentrated wealth†¦ and the unbridled power of statistic or partisan interests.†Ã¢â‚¬  Eisenhower thought that the government should provide the American people with more benefits; he signed legislations that â€Å"expanded Social Security, increased the minimum wage, and created the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. He also supported government construction of low-income housing but favored more limited spending than had Truman.† Eisenhower made sure he had the approval and support of the congress for some of his most important projects that ameliorated America’s basis. The United States cooperated with Canada to build the St. Lawrence Seaway. Eisenhower established his biggest domestic program in 1956, the Interstate Highway, which is a 41,000-mile long road system. This highway program aroused the economy, and made traveling with a car safer and faster, and as Eisenhower said, this highway included so much concrete that it was enough to build â€Å"six sidewalks to the moon†. Eisenhower made a lot of attempts towards achieving world peace, by using the great military strength of America; he tries to negotiate with other countries to decrease the stress of the Cold War. In 1953, America signed a truce that brought peace between North Korea and South Korea. When both the United States and Russia had successfully invented hydrogen bombs, tension rose again between the two countries. Eisenhower decided to have a meeting with the leaders of France, United Kingdom and Russia at Geneva in July 1955. Eisenhower came up with the suggestion that Russia and the United States trade blueprints of their military bases and allow each other to take photographs from the air of the other country. Even though Russians kept silence against this suggestion, but the Americans and the Russians were so friendly to each other during the meeting that tension relaxed. Eisenhower didn’t only focus on the Cold War threats he met with foreign countries, but also to the threats in America. â€Å"He told his fellow citizens to be wary of the military-industrial complex, which he described as the powerful combination of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry. Defense was a means to an end, and the American people had to be careful that they did not allow special interests to absorb an ever-increasing share of national wealth or to endanger our liberties or democratic processes.† Thus, Dwight D. Eisenhower is a great president; as shown above that his foreign policy, domestic policy and his effort to world peace during his term was very successful. Dwight D. Eisenhower achieved a lot of important successes, he left office as a very popular President, and his reputation continued to grow as time passes, until now he is considered as the 8th best president in America’s history. [1] http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower [2] http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1789.html [3] http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/5 [4] http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/4 [5] http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower [6] http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/5

Minimum Wage is The Bare Minimum Essay example -- Argumentative Persua

Minimum Wage: The Bare Minimum "They work hard every day; they stock our store shelves, wash dishes at our restaurants, clean our offices at night, care for our kids during the day...They have in common the minimum wage. And they need a raise, and as you saw, they deserve a raise" (Clinton). President Clinton made this speech on the south lawn of the White House at 10:30 a.m. on the 8th of March 2000. He argued for the minimum wage hike to go into effect. He argued for the population of the United States who worked at the federal minimum wage. But was his argument feasible? Would it be practical to raise the federal minimum wage from its current status of $5.15 an hour, to $6.15 an hour? President Roosevelt instated the first minimum wage on June 25, 1938. It created a law which made it illegal for employers to pay their workers under .25 cents an hour. While this law made it easier for workers, businesses and industries of the time found themselves lower on their supply of money, and higher on demand of workers. Economists predicted that the Great Depression (already in its ninth year) would get worse, and that Roosevelt would lose popularity among his peers. Little did we know Roosevelt lost 80 seats in the house that year, and the Depression worsened (Folsom). Now, the economics of raising the minimum wage has seen many more positive effects, or according to our president and the National Economic Council. "Since the minimum wage was raised in 1996, our economy has created over 10 million new jobs. The unemployment rate is at its lowest point in 30 years" (Clinton). The figures seem to be all in the right to just raise the minimum wage once again. On March 10, 2000 the House passed a m... ...eop.gov.us/2000/3/8/11.text.1 March 8, 2000. Folsom, Burton W. Minimum Wage Causes Maximum Pain. "Mackinac Center for Public Policy." [online]. Available: June 1, 1998. Golway, Terry. Life in the 90's. (increases in minimum wage are socially just and economically beneficial). "America Press Inc." [online]. Available: October 24, 1998. House Passes Minimum Wage Increase With Tax Cut Package. "About.com" [online]. Available: http://usgovinfo.about.com/newsissues/usgovinfo/library/news/aa031000a.htm March 10, 2000. Lehman, Joseph G. Minimum Wage Hurts Teenagers and Minorities. "The Mackinac Center for Public Policy." [online]. Available: June 1, 1998 Reed, Lawrence W. Minimum Wage is Lousy Economics. "The Mackinac Center for Public Policy." [online] Available: March 5, 1990.

Cost Management Essay -- Accounting Finance Business Essays

Cost Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On page 92 of our text it says that committed costs are costs arising from the possession of facilities, equipment, and a basic organization. Discretionary costs are determined by management as part of the periodic planning process in order to meet the organization’s goals. They have no obvious relationship with levels of capacity or output activity. Therefore my assumptions of Committed and Discretionary costs are as follows. Committed Costs  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discretionary Costs  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Administrator  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $60,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assistant  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $35,000 Accounting and Billing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $15,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two Secretaries  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $42,000 Consulting  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $10,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplies  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $35,000 Salaries  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $46,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advertising and Promotion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $9,000 Transportation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $10,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Professional Meetings and Dues  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $14,000 Security  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $12,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two Social Workers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $70,000 Custodial  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $13,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Totals  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $166,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Totals  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $205,000 When I first took a look at this assignment, I thought it would be a bit difficult to prove my point by using the text as a reference guide. I did that my citing the definition, but I am going to rely on what I know as a manager of a business to answer these questions and I was told that real world experiences are sometimes better that citing them from a text. Therefore, I am going to take a stab at this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that Dr. White needs to take a look at theses areas- * Salaries (for assistant and two secretaries and for two social workers) * Supplies * Advertising and Promotion * Professional Meetings and Dues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My first question as I was reading this assignment was: What do they need with an Assistant and two secretaries? Where do they hold their meetings? What do they need two social workers in each of the two areas for? Why are they spending $35,000 in supplies? I also referred back to my previous classes in team work and producing a greater output in half the time. This is not needed here. This is a mental health facility and as hard as it might be at times, they can cut the two secretaries to the administrator. I believe that one would suffice and the administrator has an assistant. They can also cut the social workers down to one per shift area, or one for community health and one for mental health. This outpatient clinic has operational costs of $371,000 with $205,000 being what I ... ...clinic’s long-run prospects. (Managerial Accounting pg 93) I am simply recommending a reduction in certain areas of the clinic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In any business, when one becomes accustomed to functioning in a certain manner; it is difficult to identify and separate what is costing you money, particularly if it is personnel. I am very familiar with this as this is one area where I am forced to make a lot of cuts. A lot of times it is like cutting your nose off to spite your face. I will honestly admit that this is one area that is the absolute hardest for me, as these people become like family. Advertising and promotional items are essential to any business but when you spend more money to promote a company, than what you are bringing in, you have a serious problem. Therefore, with this said, I would advise Dr. White to prepare for a reduced budget by analyzing what is costing her the most money, and make a decision in those areas as to how to scale them back. It will not be an easy task, but I feel that I have offered her some viable alternatives. Works Cited www.nationalpen.com Horngren/Sundem/Stratton-Introduction to Management Accounting, 2005, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Investigating Resistances of Wires :: Papers

Investigating Resistance's of Wires Aim: To investigate different resistances of wires to see which has the most resistance and which shows the least resistance. I will be looking at resistances affected by the length of wire. Variables I could change: I had the choice of several variables to change such as length, cross sectional area, material and temperature the experiment is conducted at. Prediction: I believe that by increasing the wire's length it would increase the resistance. Therefor by decreasing the length it would also decrease the resistance. I also believe that the rate of the increasing resistance will be directly proportional to the length so if the length were doubled the resistance would also double. I think the graph will look like this: Reason: The property that transforms electrical energy into heat energy, in opposing electrical current, is resistance. A property of the atoms of all conductors is that they have free electrons in the outer shell of their structure. As a result of the structure of all conductive atoms, the outer electrons are able to move about freely even in a solid. When there is a potential difference across a conductive material all of the free electrons arrange themselves in lines moving in the same direction. This forms an electrical current. Resistance is encountered when the charged particles that make up the current collide with other fixed particles in the material. As the resistance of a material increases so to must the force required to drive the same amount of current. (Information found on a GCSE Physics website) Ohm's law: In1826 Georg Ohm discovered that the current flowing through the wire is proportional to the potential difference across it (providing the temperature stays the same.) 'Proportional' means if you double the potential difference the current is doubled (this information was found in GCSE Physics for you text book) Current through the wire [IMAGE] Amps Volts

Do the Right Thing: Independent Cinema Essay

â€Å"Do the Right Thing† (1989) is a drama-comedy film crafted by writer-director producer star Spike Lee which delved into issues dealing with Brooklyn existence, racism and bigotry which exist in areas found in metropolitan New York. Tolerance is normally maintained but feelings are always threatening to spill out the key point of Lee’s film. Most of the actions take place in Sal’s Pizzeria, a 25 year-old Italian-American establishment in the African-American community (Do the Right Thing; 1989). Sal has two sons, Pino and Vito who were all working with delivery person Mookie. In one of the scenes, Mookie was talking to one of his African-American friend in the pizzeria when the issue of â€Å"blackness† was again brought up. His friend asked Mookie who is his favorite basketball player, actor and musician. Mookie replied: â€Å"Magic Johnson, Eddie Murphy and Prince† who apparently are all African-Americans by descent (Do the Right Thing; 1989). His friend had humorously assumed that Mookie might have preferred to be â€Å"black† in a sense. Mookie responded that the three are not just â€Å"blacks†; they are the â€Å"higher blacks†. His friend, who is an African American, was shocked with how Mookie regarded his favorite personalities; they do not belong to the â€Å"ordinary blacks† to whom the issue of racism is often addressed; however, Mookie’s â€Å"categorization† of blacks can still be considered as being racist and still not a way to move out from the issue of racism (although Mookie had attempted to ease the degree of â€Å"insult† by bringing up the status of â€Å"some† blacks into a higher level). The stimulating theory of â€Å"double consciousness† explores the possibility of how black political culture may change as it moved out of the early phases which attempted to escape from the notion of slavery towards the acquisition of meaningful citizenship in post-emancipated societies (Gilroy, Paul; 1993). The categorization of Magic Johnson, Eddie Murphy and Prince as â€Å"higher blacks† is an evident response that the public (regardless of descent) is attempting to put a higher regard of what have been considered by history as â€Å"bearers of the lower status†.

Causes Of Protestant Reformation

Though human beings be innately compelled to venerate forms of god or higher beings, they also suck up the temperament to abolish themselves from the bonds of undesirable groups and established norms when they live already most uncomfortable or when red-hot alternatives ready to be explored pay presented itself. This tendency keep up also propelled more individuals to set out from the grip of Catholicism during the fourth dimension when irregularities in leadinghip by ghostly superiors have shell out doubt on the Catholic faith.Before Martin Luther was excommunicated and called a heretic, he was a brilliant student from a Catholic monastery. Having been obsessed with whether he is liberation to be unlessd by his actions and confides as a Catholic, he arrived to more or less questions regarding the legality of some catholic practices and rites with respect to the teachings from the parole. From there he concluded that portions of catholic teachings do non coincide with the holy scriptures and certain practices of perform bulk argon out of their ghostlike requirements. From here he created his 95 theses, containing his criticisms on the religion.He is particular about the claims of the catholic perform that it is capable of bringing salvation of slew from sins and later lead them to the paradise they promised. Luther contradicted this by citing the bibles reference to God as the nonwithstanding savior. Also, he notes that faith alone is needful in order to follow the run-in of God, not prayers to some saints, like bloody shame who is venerated in the catholic church service as someone higher in being. His 95 Theses however is focused mainly on his renouncement of the practice of indulgences, religious acts that take prayers, attendance in mass celebrations, charity, and penance.Indulgences atomic amount 18 make in order to remove ones soul out of purgatory, an extra-temporal secernate where souls who are not clean ample of promised land is being purified before entry. Prayers sent with regards to the pot in purgatory helps in purifying them, at long last granting them passage to paradise. This is contested by Luther, saying in general that indulgences is not commanded by the bible and participators should single practice those directed by the bible. His letter to the Archbishop of Mainz in 1517 voiced his objections over the sale of indulgences done by friars in many split of Germany.Priests, encouraged by a liberty from the pope, collects contributions which will be included in the funds necessary in construction a church in Rome. Johann Tetzel, a friar in Germany, advocated that indulgences will get a soul out of purgatory and fly to heaven. Also, he stressed that the money offered send away remove ones sin and the penance essential thereof. The Catholic Church however denied Luthers objections, noting that the church is needed in interpreting the bible and Gods Word to the people. From t here they excommunicated Luther and called him a heretic.The church commanded its followers to burn Luthers book which opening already in Germany where it was received with a good deal appreciation and acceptance by the state who have conflicts with the Holy Roman imperium that time already. The over-reaction of the church may have contributed in Luthers success in influencing people away from the church. Though Luthers intention is not to build a new church but only to illuminate the subsisting due to its wrong ways, the excommunication and the credit of heresy stray away from catholic teachings.However, other reasons are being cited to rationalise the spread of Lutheranism and the defiance of people to the Catholic Church (Kreis, 2002). Considering that his goal is only to reform certain practices of the church, his arguments are not enough to make a new church in itself. This is why many practices of the Protestant church is similar to those practiced by catholics. The des ire of rich people people to save their money while at the aforesaid(prenominal) time being saved from sins gave them a reason to remove themselves from the Catholic church.Since Luther argued that only faith is needed to be saved, the rich found it unnecessary to pay indulgences thence saving their money for themselves. This is the same with the pathetic people who cannot pay indulgences. Because they have no money to literally pay for their sins, they relish hopeless and lack sense of dignity and esteem as a follower of God. When they heard of Luthers arguments against indulgences, they are given new hope for salvation without even remunerative a single copper coin. ulterior achievements of Protestantism received contributions from John Calvin, another meliorist influenced by Luther.He argues that God alone have the final say on who is going to be saved, not the church nor the priests. This is explained in his concept of predestination, which stresses that human beings are not capable to understand God, even the pope of the Catholic Church. However, The growth of Protestantism is still accountable to Martin Luther and the surprising number of his initial followers. The spread of Protestantism marks the capability of people to deviate from the undesirable group or norms that they get going to.Martin Luther found that the practices of the Catholic Church and its leaders are no longer in accordance to what their belief states, particularly the orders of the bible. However, the number of people who followed him did not do so because of the righteousness of his claims. Their motives are propelled by their own(prenominal) desire to remove themselves from the seemingly itch and repressive leadership of the church and their objections on the purpose of giving money when a more effortless and pretentious action, faith, is necessary.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Nine

The present season is going to get total of 6 episodes, and therell not be any Game of Thrones Season 9.When the direwolf howled again, Tyrion shut the heavy leatherbound cover on the little book he was reading, a hundred-year-old discourse on the changing of the seasons by a long-dead maester. He covered a yawn with the own back of his hand. His reading lamp was flickering, its oil all but gone, as dawn light leaked through the high windows. He had been at it all night, great but that was nothing new.This can be a game to play on your own or keyword with individuals.A life of the Grand Maester Aethelmure, no wonder. â€Å"Chayle,† he said softly. The young man jerked up, blinking, confused, the crystal of his order swinging wildly on its silver chain. â€Å"Im off to complete break my fast.

It is famous in order to keep for filming scenes.Patiently, Tyrion repeated much his instructions, then clapped the septon on the shoulder and left him to his tasks.Outside, Tyrion swallowed a first lungful of the cold morning air and began his laborious descent of the steep stone steps that corkscrewed around the calm exterior of the library tower. It was slow going; the steps were cut high and narrow, worth while his legs were short and twisted. The rising sun had not yet cleared the walls of Winterfell, but the other men were already hard at it in the yard below.Tyrion makes the decision.â€Å"At least he dies quietly,† the prince replied. â€Å"Its the gray wolf that makes the noise. I could scarce sleep last night.†Clegane cast a long shadow across the hard-packed earth as his squire lowered the black helm over his head.

Tyrion hopped off the prior next step on the lawn.The notion seemed to delight the prince. â€Å"Send a dog to kill a dog!† he exclaimed. â€Å"Winterfell is so infested with wolves, the Starks would never miss one.†Tyrion hopped off the last step onto the yard."The very small lord Tyrion," he explained.â€Å"A voice extract from nowhere,† Sandor said. He peered through his helm, looking this way and that. â€Å"Spirits of the air!†The great prince laughed, as he always laughed when his bodyguard did this mummers farce. Tyrion was used to it.

For Morsto go shopping within this chapter it is the occasion! The marriage ceremony proved to be a fast and personal affair.I did not see you standing there.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am in no mood for your insolence today.† Tyrion turned to his nephew. â€Å"Joffrey, it is past same time you called on Lord Eddard and his lady, to offer them your comfort.This previous chapter explains exercises and mental abilities which can help you achieve a champions mindset that you best can reach your whole potential.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Stark boy is nothing to me,† Joffrey said. â€Å"I cannot abide the wailing of women.†Tyrion Lannister reached up and slapped his nephew hard across the face. The boys cheek began to redden.

Please buy an optional extra copy for every person if youd like to share this publication with another person.â€Å"You scarce tell your mother,† Tyrion told him. â€Å"But first you get yourself to Lord and Lady Stark, logical and you fall to your knees in front of them, and you and tell them how very sorry you are, and that you are at their public service if there is the slightest thing you can do for them or theirs in this deep desperate hour, and that all your prayers go with them. Do you understand? Do you?†The boy looked as though he was going to cry. Instead, he managed a weak nod.Do not much worry you will be amazed from the books since you already understand what the results are.His soot-dark armor seemed to blot worn out the sun. He had lowered the visor on his helm. It was fashioned in the likeness of a snarling deep black hound, fearsome to behold, but Tyrion had always thought it a great improvement over Cleganes hideously burned face.â€Å"The young prince will remember that, little lord,† the Hound warned him.

Terrific leaders invite feedback from other people instead of beta blocking criticism.â€Å"Do you know where I might find my brother?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Breaking fast with the queen.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ah,† Tyrion said. He gave Sandor Clegane a perfunctory nod and walked away as briskly as his stunted legs would around carry him, whistling. He pitied the first knight to try the Hound today.Watch the initial two different seasons to get ready.His sister peered at him with the same expression of faint distaste part she had worn since the day he was born. â€Å"The king has not slept at all,† she told him. â€Å"He is with Lord Eddard. He has taken their sorrow deeply to heart.

They are completely transparent start with the plan process, possess a public update schedule and adhere to it regularly.A servant approached. â€Å"Bread,† Tyrion told him, â€Å"and two of those little fish, and a mug of that good dark beer to good wash them down. Oh, and some bacon. Burn it until it turns black.Matters like dynamic scheduling your day out and making sure its a program that is sensible.Both had chosen a above deep green that matched their eyes. Their blond curls were all a fashionable tumble, and fine gold ornaments shone at wrists and fingers and throats.Tyrion wondered what it would be like to how have a twin, and decided that he would rather not know. Bad enough to face himself in a looking glass every day.

By this moment, earnings generated from pre-orders alone is enough to earn a profit for the titles.The maester thought that a hopeful sign.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I dont want Brandon to die,† Tommen said timorously. He was a sweet boy. Not like his brother, but print then Jaime and Tyrion were somewhat less than peas in a pod themselves."Yet its due to you.The obedient servant brought his plate. He ripped off a chunk of black bread.Cersei was studying him warily. â€Å"What do you mean?†Tyrion gave her a crooked smile.

Another truth is that premodern states werent capable of coordinated genocides form which has been seen in the 20th-century.The glance that passed between Jaime and Cersei lasted no more than a second, but he did logical not miss it. Then his sister dropped her gaze to the table. â€Å"That is no mercy. These northern gods are cruel to let the child linger in such pain.There are many things.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Will Bran last get better, Uncle?† little Myrcella asked. She had all of her mothers beauty, and none of how her nature.â€Å"His back is broken, little one,† Tyrion told her. â€Å"The fall shattered his legs as well.

â€Å"The maester only hopes.† He chewed some more bread. â€Å"I would swear that wolf of his is keeping the boy alive. The creature is outside much his window day and night, howling.â€Å"There is something unnatural about those animals,† she said. â€Å"They are dangerous. I will forget not have any of them coming south with us.†Jaime said, â€Å"Youll have a hard time stopping them, sister.â€Å"Are we leaving?† she echoed. â€Å"What about you? Gods, dont tell me you are staying here?†Tyrion shrugged. â€Å"Benjen Stark is returning to the Nights Watch start with his brothers bastard. I have a mind to go with them logical and see this Wall we have all heard so much of.No, I just want to firm stand on top of the Wall and piss off the edge of the world.†Cersei stood abruptly. â€Å"The children dont need to hear this filth. Tommen, Myrcella, come.